法律专业词典

契約 けいやく

ENcontractVIhợp đồng

An agreement between parties that creates, changes or ends legally enforceable rights and obligations.

当事者 とうじしゃ

ENpartyVIbên (trong hợp đồng)

A person or organisation that enters into and is bound by a contract.

申込み もうしこみ

ENofferVIđề nghị giao kết hợp đồng

A definite proposal showing willingness to be bound once the other party accepts it.

承諾 しょうだく

ENacceptanceVIchấp nhận đề nghị

Unconditional agreement to all terms of an offer, which concludes the contract.

約因 やくいん

ENconsiderationVIvật đối giá (consideration)

In common law, something of value exchanged by each party that makes a promise enforceable.

取引条件 とりひきじょうけん

ENterms and conditionsVIđiều khoản và điều kiện

The detailed rules governing the relationship between parties to a transaction.

条項 じょうこう

ENclauseVIđiều khoản

A distinct section of a contract dealing with a particular matter.

前文 ぜんぶん

ENrecitalVIphần mở đầu (căn cứ, bối cảnh)

Introductory statements setting out the background and purpose of a contract, often beginning "Whereas".

定義条項 ていぎじょうこう

ENdefinitions clauseVIđiều khoản định nghĩa

A clause stating the meaning of key terms used throughout the contract.

債務 さいむ

ENobligationVInghĩa vụ

Something a party is legally required to do or refrain from doing.

履行 りこう

ENperformanceVIthực hiện hợp đồng

Carrying out the obligations a party has undertaken under a contract.

契約違反 けいやくいはん

ENbreach of contractVIvi phạm hợp đồng

Failure by a party to perform its contractual obligations, wholly or in part.

債務不履行 さいむふりこう

ENnon-performanceVIkhông thực hiện nghĩa vụ

Failure of an obligor to perform, or to perform on time or properly.

損害賠償 そんがいばいしょう

ENdamagesVItiền bồi thường thiệt hại

Money awarded to compensate a party for loss caused by another's wrongful act or breach.

損害賠償額の予定 そんがいばいしょうがくのよてい

ENliquidated damagesVItiền bồi thường ấn định trước

A sum fixed in advance in the contract as compensation for a specified breach.

違約金 いやくきん

ENpenaltyVIphạt vi phạm

A sum payable by the defaulting party under an agreed penalty clause.

責任制限 せきにんせいげん

ENlimitation of liabilityVIgiới hạn trách nhiệm

A clause capping the amount or types of loss for which a party can be held liable.

損害補償 そんがいほしょう

ENindemnityVIbồi hoàn (indemnity)

A promise by one party to make good losses or claims the other suffers from specified events.

保証 ほしょう

ENwarrantyVIbảo đảm (cam kết chất lượng)

A contractual assurance that certain facts or the quality of goods or services are as stated.

表明保証 ひょうめいほしょう

ENrepresentations and warrantiesVIcam đoan và bảo đảm

Statements of fact made by a party in a contract, for which it is liable if untrue.

不可抗力 ふかこうりょく

ENforce majeureVIsự kiện bất khả kháng

An unforeseeable event beyond the parties' control that may excuse performance.

解約 かいやく

ENterminationVIchấm dứt hợp đồng

Bringing a contract to an end for the future, by agreement or under law.

解除 かいじょ

ENrescissionVIhuỷ bỏ hợp đồng

Cancelling a contract and restoring the parties to their pre-contract positions.

無効な契約 むこうなけいやく

ENvoid contractVIhợp đồng vô hiệu

A contract that has no legal effect from the outset.

取り消しうる契約 とりけしうるけいやく

ENvoidable contractVIhợp đồng có thể bị huỷ

A valid contract that one party may set aside, for example because of fraud or duress.

準拠法 じゅんきょほう

ENgoverning lawVIluật áp dụng

The legal system chosen to govern and interpret a contract.

管轄 かんかつ

ENjurisdictionVIthẩm quyền xét xử

The authority of a court or body to hear and decide a particular matter.

紛争解決 ふんそうかいけつ

ENdispute resolutionVIgiải quyết tranh chấp

Methods of settling disagreements, such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration or litigation.

仲裁 ちゅうさい

ENarbitrationVItrọng tài thương mại

Resolution of a dispute by arbitrators chosen by the parties, whose award is binding.

仲裁判断 ちゅうさいはんだん

ENarbitral awardVIphán quyết trọng tài

The final decision issued by an arbitral tribunal on a dispute.

調停 ちょうてい

ENmediationVIhoà giải

A process in which a neutral third party helps the parties reach their own settlement.

秘密保持条項 ひみつほじじょうこう

ENconfidentiality clauseVIđiều khoản bảo mật

A clause prohibiting disclosure of confidential information shared between the parties.

秘密保持契約 ひみつほじけいやく

ENNDAVIthoả thuận bảo mật (NDA)

Non-Disclosure Agreement: a contract in which parties agree not to disclose confidential information.

覚書 おぼえがき

ENMOUVIbiên bản ghi nhớ (MOU)

Memorandum of Understanding: a document recording intended cooperation, often not fully binding.

基本合意書 きほんごういしょ

ENletter of intentVIthư bày tỏ ý định

A document outlining intentions and key terms before a formal contract is signed.

基本契約 きほんけいやく

ENmaster agreementVIhợp đồng khung

A contract setting general terms that apply to a series of future transactions or orders.

個別契約 こべつけいやく

ENindividual contractVIhợp đồng cá biệt

A contract for a specific transaction concluded under a master agreement.

注文書 ちゅうもんしょ

ENpurchase orderVIđơn đặt hàng

A document from buyer to seller specifying goods, quantities, price and delivery terms.

売買契約 ばいばいけいやく

ENsales contractVIhợp đồng mua bán

A contract in which the seller transfers ownership of goods and the buyer pays the price.

業務委託契約 ぎょうむいたくけいやく

ENservice agreementVIhợp đồng dịch vụ

A contract under which one party performs work or services for the other for a fee.

請負契約 うけおいけいやく

ENcontract for workVIhợp đồng gia công / khoán việc

A contract in which the contractor undertakes to complete and deliver a specified result.

準委任契約 じゅんいにんけいやく

ENquasi-mandate contractVIhợp đồng uỷ thác thực hiện công việc

A Japanese-style contract to perform tasks, paid for effort rather than a guaranteed result.

賃貸借契約 ちんたいしゃくけいやく

ENlease agreementVIhợp đồng thuê

A contract granting use of property for a period in return for rent.

代理店契約 だいりてんけいやく

ENagency agreementVIhợp đồng đại lý

A contract in which an agent transacts business on behalf of a principal.

販売店契約 はんばいてんけいやく

ENdistribution agreementVIhợp đồng phân phối

A contract allowing a distributor to buy a supplier's products for resale in a territory.

独占権 どくせんけん

ENexclusivityVIđộc quyền (trong hợp đồng)

A commitment to deal only with one party for certain products or a territory.

フランチャイズ契約 フランチャイズけいやく

ENfranchise agreementVIhợp đồng nhượng quyền thương mại

A contract allowing a franchisee to operate under the franchisor's brand and business model.

合弁事業 ごうべんじぎょう

ENjoint ventureVIliên doanh

A business undertaking in which two or more parties pool resources and share profits and risks.

譲渡 じょうと

ENassignmentVIchuyển nhượng quyền

Transfer of contractual rights by one party to another person.

再委託 さいいたく

ENsubcontractingVIthầu phụ / giao lại

Delegating part of contracted work to a third party.

変更契約 へんこうけいやく

ENamendmentVIsửa đổi hợp đồng (phụ lục sửa đổi)

A document signed by the parties to change or add to an existing contract.

別紙 べっし

ENappendixVIphụ lục hợp đồng

An attachment to a contract setting out details, forming part of the contract.

効力発生日 こうりょくはっせいび

ENeffective dateVIngày hiệu lực

The date on which a contract becomes binding on the parties.

契約期間 けいやくきかん

ENtermVIthời hạn hợp đồng

The period during which a contract remains in force.

自動更新 じどうこうしん

ENautomatic renewalVItự động gia hạn

A mechanism extending a contract for a further period unless a party gives notice.

署名 しょめい

ENsignatureVIchữ ký

A handwritten or electronic mark showing the signer's assent to a document.

社印 しゃいん

ENcompany sealVIcon dấu công ty

A company's official stamp applied to documents to authenticate the entity's assent.

収入印紙 しゅうにゅういんし

ENrevenue stampVItem thuế văn bản

A stamp affixed to certain documents in Japan to pay stamp duty.

インコタームズ

ENIncotermsVIđiều kiện thương mại quốc tế (Incoterms)

International Commercial Terms: ICC rules allocating delivery costs and risks between buyer and seller.

信用状 しんようじょう

ENletter of creditVIthư tín dụng (L/C)

A bank's undertaking to pay the seller on presentation of complying documents.

消滅時効 しょうめつじこう

ENstatute of limitationsVIthời hiệu khởi kiện

The time limit after which a legal claim can no longer be brought or enforced.

信義誠実の原則 しんぎせいじつのげんそく

ENgood faithVIthiện chí, trung thực

The principle that parties must act honestly and fairly in making and performing contracts.

定型約款 ていけいやっかん

ENstandard form contractVIhợp đồng theo mẫu

A pre-drafted contract offered on a take-it-or-leave-it basis to many customers.

消費者保護 しょうひしゃほご

ENconsumer protectionVIbảo vệ người tiêu dùng

Laws safeguarding the interests of buyers of goods and services for personal use.

担保権 たんぽけん

ENsecurity interestVIbiện pháp bảo đảm

A right over property granted to secure performance of an obligation.

保証契約 ほしょうけいやく

ENguaranteeVIbảo lãnh

A third party's promise to perform an obligation if the principal debtor fails to do so.

法律 ほうりつ

ENlawVIluật, pháp luật

A system of rules made or recognised by the state and enforced by it.

憲法 けんぽう

ENconstitutionVIhiến pháp

The supreme law setting out the structure of the state and citizens' fundamental rights.

民法 みんぽう

ENcivil codeVIbộ luật dân sự

The code governing property and personal relations between private persons.

刑法 けいほう

ENpenal codeVIbộ luật hình sự

The code defining criminal offences and their punishments.

民事訴訟 みんじそしょう

ENcivil procedureVItố tụng dân sự

The rules and process by which courts resolve private disputes.

刑事訴訟 けいじそしょう

ENcriminal procedureVItố tụng hình sự

The process of investigating, prosecuting, trying and sentencing criminal offences.

制定法 せいていほう

ENstatuteVIđạo luật, văn bản luật

A written law passed by a legislature.

判例 はんれい

ENprecedentVIán lệ

An earlier court decision used as authority for deciding similar cases.

裁判所 さいばんしょ

ENcourtVItoà án

A state body with authority to hear cases and resolve disputes.

地方裁判所 ちほうさいばんしょ

ENdistrict courtVItoà án sơ thẩm (cấp địa phương)

A lower court that tries most civil and criminal cases at first instance.

高等裁判所 こうとうさいばんしょ

ENhigh courtVItoà án cấp cao

A court that hears appeals from lower court judgments.

最高裁判所 さいこうさいばんしょ

ENsupreme courtVItoà án tối cao

The highest court of a country, with final authority on points of law.

裁判官 さいばんかん

ENjudgeVIthẩm phán

An official appointed to hear cases and make decisions in court.

検察官 けんさつかん

ENprosecutorVIkiểm sát viên, công tố viên

An official who brings criminal charges and presents the case on behalf of the state.

弁護士 べんごし

ENlawyerVIluật sư

A licensed professional who gives legal advice and represents clients.

弁護人 べんごにん

ENdefence counselVIluật sư bào chữa

A lawyer who represents the accused in criminal proceedings.

原告 げんこく

ENplaintiffVInguyên đơn

The party who brings a civil lawsuit.

被告 ひこく

ENdefendantVIbị đơn

The party against whom a civil lawsuit is brought.

被告人 ひこくにん

ENthe accusedVIbị cáo

A person formally charged with and tried for a criminal offence.

被疑者 ひぎしゃ

ENsuspectVInghi phạm, bị can

A person suspected of a crime before being formally charged.

被害者 ひがいしゃ

ENvictimVIbị hại

A person who suffers physical, mental or property harm from a crime.

証人 しょうにん

ENwitnessVIngười làm chứng

A person who knows facts of a case and is called to give evidence.

訴訟 そしょう

ENlawsuitVIvụ kiện

A case brought before a court for resolution under legal procedure.

訴状 そじょう

ENcomplaintVIđơn khởi kiện

The document a plaintiff files to start a lawsuit, stating claims and grounds.

請求 せいきゅう

ENclaimVIyêu cầu (khởi kiện)

A demand that a court or party recognise a right or perform an obligation.

証拠 しょうこ

ENevidenceVIchứng cứ

Material used to prove or disprove facts in a case.

立証責任 りっしょうせきにん

ENburden of proofVInghĩa vụ chứng minh

The duty of a party to prove the facts it asserts.

証言 しょうげん

ENtestimonyVIlời khai

A statement given by a witness or party before a court or authority.

口頭弁論 こうとうべんろん

ENhearingVIphiên toà, phiên họp

A court session where parties present arguments and evidence.

公判 こうはん

ENtrialVIxét xử

The court's examination of evidence and determination of a case.

判決 はんけつ

ENjudgmentVIbản án

A court's decision resolving the merits of a case.

決定 けってい

ENrulingVIquyết định (của toà)

A court's decision on a specific issue arising during proceedings.

控訴 こうそ

ENappealVIkháng cáo

A request to a higher court to review a first-instance judgment.

上告 じょうこく

ENfinal appealVIkháng cáo lên toà tối cao

In Japan, an appeal from a high court judgment to the Supreme Court.

和解 わかい

ENsettlementVIhoà giải thành, dàn xếp

An agreement ending a dispute without a court judgment.

強制執行 きょうせいしっこう

ENenforcementVIthi hành án

Compelling compliance with a final judgment through state authority.

仮差押え かりさしおさえ

ENprovisional attachmentVIkê biên tạm thời

Freezing a debtor's assets before judgment to secure later enforcement.

犯罪 はんざい

ENcrimeVItội phạm

An act prohibited and punishable under criminal law.

逮捕 たいほ

ENarrestVIbắt giữ

Taking a person into custody on suspicion of a crime.

勾留 こうりゅう

ENdetentionVItạm giam

Holding a person in custody during investigation or pending trial.

起訴 きそ

ENindictmentVItruy tố, cáo trạng

The prosecutor's formal decision to bring a suspect to trial.

不起訴 ふきそ

ENnon-prosecutionVIkhông truy tố

A prosecutor's decision not to bring charges to trial.

保釈 ほしゃく

ENbailVIbảo lĩnh, tại ngoại

Temporary release of an accused, usually against a security payment.

有罪 ゆうざい

ENguiltyVIcó tội

A court's finding that the accused committed the offence.

無罪 むざい

ENnot guiltyVIvô tội

A court's finding that the accused is not proven to have committed the offence.

刑罰 けいばつ

ENsentenceVIhình phạt, mức án

The punishment imposed by a court on a convicted person.

罰金 ばっきん

ENfineVIphạt tiền

A monetary penalty paid to the state.

拘禁刑 こうきんけい

ENimprisonmentVIphạt tù

A sentence requiring the offender to serve time in prison (Japan merged 懲役 and 禁錮 into 拘禁刑 in June 2025).

執行猶予 しっこうゆうよ

ENsuspended sentenceVIán treo

A prison sentence not enforced provided no further offence is committed during probation.

公訴時効 こうそじこう

ENstatute of limitations for prosecutionVIthời hiệu truy cứu trách nhiệm hình sự

The period after which an offender can no longer be prosecuted.

不法行為 ふほうこうい

ENtortVIhành vi trái pháp luật gây thiệt hại

A civil wrong causing harm that gives rise to liability outside contract.

過失 かしつ

ENnegligenceVIlỗi vô ý, sơ suất

Failure to take reasonable care, resulting in harm to another.

故意 こい

ENintentVIlỗi cố ý

The state of knowingly and deliberately bringing about a result.

行為能力 こういのうりょく

ENlegal capacityVInăng lực hành vi

A person's ability to create rights and obligations through their own acts.

未成年者 みせいねんしゃ

ENminorVIngười chưa thành niên

A person below the legal age of majority.

後見人 こうけんにん

ENguardianVIngười giám hộ

A person appointed to care for and represent a minor or incapacitated person.

委任状 いにんじょう

ENpower of attorneyVIgiấy uỷ quyền

A document authorising another person to act on one's behalf.

所有権 しょゆうけん

ENownershipVIquyền sở hữu

The right to possess, use and dispose of property.

相続 そうぞく

ENinheritanceVIthừa kế

Transfer of a deceased person's estate to heirs by will or by law.

遺言 いごん

ENwillVIdi chúc

A document stating how a person's property is to be distributed after death.

離婚 りこん

ENdivorceVIly hôn

The legal ending of a marriage by agreement or court decision.

親権 しんけん

ENcustodyVIquyền nuôi con

Parental rights and duties to raise, educate and represent a child.

公証人 こうしょうにん

ENnotaryVIcông chứng viên

A state-appointed official who certifies the authenticity of documents and transactions.

公正証書作成 こうせいしょうしょさくせい

ENnotarisationVIcông chứng

Certification by a notary that a document is authentic and lawfully executed.

法律扶助 ほうりつふじょ

ENlegal aidVItrợ giúp pháp lý

Free or low-cost legal services for people who cannot afford them.

労働法 ろうどうほう

ENlabour lawVIluật lao động

The body of law governing relations between workers and employers.

労働基準法 ろうどうきじゅんほう

ENLabour Standards ActVILuật Tiêu chuẩn Lao động (Nhật)

Japanese law setting minimum working conditions such as hours, wages and leave.

雇用契約 こようけいやく

ENemployment contractVIhợp đồng lao động

An agreement on paid work, working conditions and the parties' rights and duties.

使用者 しようしゃ

ENemployerVIngười sử dụng lao động

A person or organisation that hires and pays workers.

労働者 ろうどうしゃ

ENemployeeVIngười lao động

A person who works for an employer under contract in return for wages.

労働条件通知書 ろうどうじょうけんつうちしょ

ENnotice of working conditionsVIvăn bản thông báo điều kiện lao động

A document Japanese employers must issue stating wages, hours and contract period.

就業規則 しゅうぎょうきそく

ENwork rulesVInội quy lao động

An employer's rules on discipline, working hours and conditions for staff.

有期雇用契約 ゆうきこようけいやく

ENfixed-term contractVIhợp đồng xác định thời hạn

An employment contract that ends on a specified date.

無期雇用契約 むきこようけいやく

ENindefinite-term contractVIhợp đồng không xác định thời hạn

An employment contract with no fixed end date.

試用期間 しようきかん

ENprobation periodVIthời gian thử việc

An initial period during which employer and employee assess suitability.

労働時間 ろうどうじかん

ENworking hoursVIgiờ làm việc

Time during which an employee works under the employer's direction.

時間外労働 じかんがいろうどう

ENovertimeVIlàm thêm giờ

Work performed beyond normal statutory or agreed hours.

36協定 さぶろくきょうてい

ENArticle 36 agreementVIthoả thuận Điều 36 (làm thêm giờ)

A Japanese labour-management agreement required before employees may lawfully work overtime.

最低賃金 さいていちんぎん

ENminimum wageVIlương tối thiểu

The lowest wage employers are legally required to pay.

年次有給休暇 ねんじゆうきゅうきゅうか

ENannual paid leaveVInghỉ phép năm có lương

Days off each year for which the employee continues to be paid.

産前産後休業 さんぜんさんごきゅうぎょう

ENmaternity leaveVInghỉ thai sản

Leave taken by a female employee before and after childbirth.

育児休業 いくじきゅうぎょう

ENchildcare leaveVInghỉ chăm con

Leave allowing a parent to care for a young child.

解雇 かいこ

ENdismissalVIsa thải

Termination of employment by the employer.

不当解雇 ふとうかいこ

ENunfair dismissalVIsa thải trái pháp luật

Dismissal without valid reason or proper procedure.

退職 たいしょく

ENresignationVInghỉ việc, thôi việc

An employee ending their employment, usually by giving notice.

雇止め やといどめ

ENnon-renewal of contractVIkhông gia hạn hợp đồng

An employer's refusal to renew a fixed-term contract on expiry.

退職金 たいしょくきん

ENseverance payVItrợ cấp thôi việc

A payment made to an employee on leaving employment.

労働組合 ろうどうくみあい

ENlabour unionVIcông đoàn

An organisation of workers that represents their interests with employers.

労働協約 ろうどうきょうやく

ENcollective agreementVIthoả ước lao động tập thể

A written agreement between a union and employer on working conditions.

労働基準監督署 ろうどうきじゅんかんとくしょ

ENlabour standards inspection officeVIvăn phòng thanh tra tiêu chuẩn lao động

A Japanese office that enforces labour standards and receives complaints.

ハラスメント

ENharassmentVIquấy rối

Conduct that violates a person's dignity or causes mental or physical harm at work.

パワーハラスメント

ENpower harassmentVIquấy rối quyền lực

Abuse of a superior position to pressure or demean an employee.

労災保険 ろうさいほけん

ENworkers' accident compensation insuranceVIbảo hiểm tai nạn lao động

Insurance covering employees injured, ill or killed due to work.

雇用保険 こようほけん

ENemployment insuranceVIbảo hiểm thất nghiệp

Insurance that pays benefits to people who lose their jobs.

社会保険 しゃかいほけん

ENsocial insuranceVIbảo hiểm xã hội

Compulsory insurance schemes covering health, pension and related benefits.

健康保険 けんこうほけん

ENhealth insuranceVIbảo hiểm y tế

Insurance covering part of the insured's medical costs.

厚生年金 こうせいねんきん

ENemployees' pension insuranceVIbảo hiểm hưu trí (người làm công)

Japan's pension scheme for company employees.

源泉徴収 げんせんちょうしゅう

ENwithholding taxVIthuế khấu trừ tại nguồn

Tax deducted by the payer before payment and remitted on the recipient's behalf.

年末調整 ねんまつちょうせい

ENyear-end tax adjustmentVIquyết toán thuế cuối năm

A Japanese employer's year-end recalculation of employees' income tax.

行政法 ぎょうせいほう

ENadministrative lawVIluật hành chính

Law governing the organisation and actions of public administration.

行政手続 ぎょうせいてつづき

ENadministrative procedureVIthủ tục hành chính

The steps and documents required when dealing with government authorities.

行政処分 ぎょうせいしょぶん

ENadministrative dispositionVIquyết định hành chính

A government decision directly affecting a person's rights or duties.

審査請求 しんさせいきゅう

ENadministrative appealVIkhiếu nại hành chính

A request to an authority to review an administrative decision.

行政訴訟 ぎょうせいそしょう

ENadministrative litigationVItố tụng hành chính

Court proceedings challenging decisions or acts of public authorities.

許可 きょか

ENpermitVIgiấy phép

Official authorisation to carry out an otherwise restricted activity.

申請 しんせい

ENapplicationVIđơn đề nghị, hồ sơ xin

A formal request submitted to an authority for a permit or certification.

届出 とどけで

ENnotificationVIkhai báo, thông báo

Informing an authority of a fact as required, without needing approval.

住民登録 じゅうみんとうろく

ENresidence registrationVIđăng ký cư trú

Registering one's address with the local government.

住民票 じゅうみんひょう

ENcertificate of residenceVIphiếu cư trú (juminhyo)

A Japanese municipal certificate confirming a person's address and residency details.

戸籍 こせき

ENfamily registerVIsổ hộ tịch (koseki)

Japan's register recording a citizen's family relations, births, marriages and deaths.

身分登録 みぶんとうろく

ENcivil status registrationVIđăng ký hộ tịch

Recording events such as birth, marriage and death with the authorities.

マイナンバー

ENMy NumberVImã số cá nhân (My Number)

Japan's 12-digit individual number used for tax and social security.

印鑑登録証明書 いんかんとうろくしょうめいしょ

ENseal registration certificateVIgiấy chứng nhận đăng ký con dấu

A certificate proving a personal seal is registered, used for important transactions.

出入国管理 しゅつにゅうこくかんり

ENimmigrationVIxuất nhập cảnh

Control of foreign nationals entering, leaving and residing in a country.

出入国在留管理庁 しゅつにゅうこくざいりゅうかんりちょう

ENImmigration Services AgencyVICục Quản lý Xuất nhập cảnh (Nhật)

The Japanese agency handling entry, departure and residence status of foreigners.

査証 さしょう

ENvisaVIthị thực (visa)

An entry authorisation issued by the destination country's mission.

在留資格 ざいりゅうしかく

ENstatus of residenceVItư cách lưu trú

The legal category allowing a foreigner to stay and engage in set activities in Japan.

在留期間 ざいりゅうきかん

ENperiod of stayVIthời hạn lưu trú

The length of time a foreigner may stay under their status of residence.

在留カード ざいりゅうカード

ENresidence cardVIthẻ lưu trú (zairyu card)

An ID card issued to mid- and long-term foreign residents in Japan.

在留資格認定証明書 ざいりゅうしかくにんていしょうめいしょ

ENcertificate of eligibilityVIgiấy chứng nhận tư cách lưu trú (COE)

A certificate confirming a foreigner meets residence status requirements, used for a visa.

在留期間更新 ざいりゅうきかんこうしん

ENextension of period of stayVIgia hạn thời hạn lưu trú

The procedure to lengthen permitted stay under the same status.

在留資格変更 ざいりゅうしかくへんこう

ENchange of status of residenceVIchuyển đổi tư cách lưu trú

The procedure to switch to a different residence status when the purpose of stay changes.

永住 えいじゅう

ENpermanent residenceVIvĩnh trú

Status allowing a foreigner to reside without time limit.

就労許可 しゅうろうきょか

ENwork permitVIgiấy phép lao động

Authorisation for a foreign national to work legally.

資格外活動許可 しかくがいかつどうきょか

ENpermission to engage in activity outside statusVIgiấy phép hoạt động ngoài tư cách

Permission for a foreigner, such as a student, to work beyond their status activities.

再入国許可 さいにゅうこくきょか

ENre-entry permitVIgiấy phép tái nhập cảnh

Permission to leave temporarily and return without losing residence status.

帰化 きか

ENnaturalisationVInhập quốc tịch

The process by which a foreigner acquires the host country's nationality.

不法残留 ふほうざんりゅう

ENoverstayVIlưu trú quá hạn

Remaining in a country beyond the permitted period of stay.

退去強制 たいきょきょうせい

ENdeportationVItrục xuất

Forced removal of a foreign national from the country.

認証翻訳 にんしょうほんやく

ENcertified translationVIbản dịch có chứng thực

A translation certified as accurate for submission to authorities.

アポスティーユ

ENapostilleVIchứng nhận apostille

A Hague Convention certificate authenticating a public document for use abroad.

領事認証 りょうじにんしょう

ENconsular legalisationVIhợp pháp hoá lãnh sự

Consular confirmation of seals and signatures on foreign documents.

知的財産 ちてきざいさん

ENintellectual propertyVIsở hữu trí tuệ

Intangible creations of the mind such as inventions, trademarks and creative works.

知的財産権 ちてきざいさんけん

ENintellectual property rightsVIquyền sở hữu trí tuệ

Exclusive legal rights granted to owners of intellectual property.

特許 とっきょ

ENpatentVIbằng sáng chế

An exclusive right to exploit an invention for a limited period.

特許出願 とっきょしゅつがん

ENpatent applicationVIđơn đăng ký sáng chế

A filing with a patent office requesting a patent for an invention.

発明 はつめい

ENinventionVIsáng chế

A new technical solution involving an inventive step and industrial applicability.

新規性 しんきせい

ENnoveltyVItính mới

The requirement that an invention was not publicly disclosed before filing.

進歩性 しんぽせい

ENinventive stepVItrình độ sáng tạo

The requirement that an invention is not obvious to a skilled person in the field.

特許請求の範囲 とっきょせいきゅうのはんい

ENpatent claimsVIyêu cầu bảo hộ

The part of a patent specification defining the scope of protection.

先行技術 せんこうぎじゅつ

ENprior artVItình trạng kỹ thuật đã biết

All technical knowledge made public before an application's priority date.

実用新案 じつようしんあん

ENutility modelVIgiải pháp hữu ích

Protection for minor technical improvements, with lower thresholds and shorter terms than patents.

意匠 いしょう

ENindustrial designVIkiểu dáng công nghiệp

The protected external appearance of a product.

商標 しょうひょう

ENtrademarkVInhãn hiệu

A sign distinguishing the goods or services of one business from others.

商標登録 しょうひょうとうろく

ENtrademark registrationVIđăng ký nhãn hiệu

Recording a trademark with the authority to obtain exclusive protection.

商号 しょうごう

ENtrade nameVItên thương mại

The name under which a business operates.

著作権 ちょさくけん

ENcopyrightVIquyền tác giả

Rights of creators over literary, artistic and software works.

著作者人格権 ちょさくしゃじんかくけん

ENmoral rightsVIquyền nhân thân của tác giả

Non-transferable rights of attribution and integrity in a work.

職務著作 しょくむちょさく

ENwork made for hireVItác phẩm do nhân viên tạo ra theo nhiệm vụ

A work created by an employee in the course of duties, typically owned by the employer.

職務発明 しょくむはつめい

ENemployee inventionVIsáng chế công vụ

An invention made by an employee within the scope of their job.

営業秘密 えいぎょうひみつ

ENtrade secretVIbí mật kinh doanh

Commercially valuable information kept confidential and not publicly known.

不正競争 ふせいきょうそう

ENunfair competitionVIcạnh tranh không lành mạnh

Dishonest business practices harming competitors or consumers.

侵害 しんがい

ENinfringementVIxâm phạm quyền

Use of protected subject matter without the owner's permission.

模倣品 もほうひん

ENcounterfeitVIhàng giả

Goods bearing a fake trademark or copying a protected product.

ライセンス

ENlicenceVIli-xăng, giấy phép sử dụng

Permission from an owner allowing another to use intellectual property.

ライセンス契約 ライセンスけいやく

ENlicence agreementVIhợp đồng li-xăng

A contract granting use of intellectual property on agreed terms and fees.

ロイヤルティ

ENroyaltyVItiền bản quyền

A fee paid to an owner for using intellectual property.

オープンソースライセンス

ENopen-source licenceVIgiấy phép mã nguồn mở

A licence allowing software to be used, modified and distributed under set conditions.

会社法 かいしゃほう

ENcompany lawVIluật doanh nghiệp

Law governing the formation, organisation, management and dissolution of companies.

法人 ほうじん

ENcorporationVIpháp nhân, công ty

An entity with legal personality separate from its members.

株式会社 かぶしきがいしゃ

ENjoint-stock companyVIcông ty cổ phần

A company whose capital is divided into shares, with shareholders' liability limited to their investment.

合同会社 ごうどうがいしゃ

ENlimited liability companyVIcông ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn

A company whose members' liability is limited to their contributions; in Japan, the godo kaisha.

個人事業 こじんじぎょう

ENsole proprietorshipVIdoanh nghiệp tư nhân / hộ kinh doanh

A business owned by one individual with unlimited personal liability.

定款 ていかん

ENarticles of incorporationVIđiều lệ công ty

The founding document setting out a company's organisation and members' rights.

商業登記 しょうぎょうとうき

ENcommercial registrationVIđăng ký kinh doanh

Recording a company's details in the official public register.

登記事項証明書 とうきじこうしょうめいしょ

ENcertificate of registered mattersVIgiấy chứng nhận đăng ký doanh nghiệp (trích lục)

A certificate showing a company's registered details such as name, address and representative.

資本金 しほんきん

ENcapitalVIvốn điều lệ

The amount contributed or pledged by members or shareholders to a company.

株式 かぶしき

ENshareVIcổ phần

A unit of a company's capital representing the holder's ownership rights.

株主 かぶぬし

ENshareholderVIcổ đông

A person or entity that owns shares in a company.

株主総会 かぶぬしそうかい

ENgeneral meeting of shareholdersVIđại hội đồng cổ đông

The highest decision-making body of a company, made up of voting shareholders.

取締役会 とりしまりやくかい

ENboard of directorsVIhội đồng quản trị

The body that manages a company, sets strategy and oversees executives.

取締役 とりしまりやく

ENdirectorVIthành viên hội đồng quản trị

A person elected to manage a company and accountable to shareholders.

代表取締役 だいひょうとりしまりやく

ENrepresentative directorVIngười đại diện theo pháp luật

The director authorised to act on the company's behalf with third parties.

監査役 かんさやく

ENcorporate auditorVIkiểm soát viên

An officer who monitors directors' conduct and the company's accounts.

善管注意義務 ぜんかんちゅういぎむ

ENfiduciary dutyVInghĩa vụ trung thành và cẩn trọng

A manager's duty to act with due care and in the company's best interests.

コーポレートガバナンス

ENcorporate governanceVIquản trị công ty

The system of rules and structures by which a company is directed and controlled.

合併 がっぺい

ENmergerVIsáp nhập, hợp nhất

The combination of two or more companies into one entity.

M&A エムアンドエー

ENM&AVImua bán và sáp nhập (M&A)

Mergers and Acquisitions: transactions combining or buying companies.

デューデリジェンス

ENdue diligenceVIthẩm định (due diligence)

Legal and financial investigation of a target or counterparty before a transaction.

子会社 こがいしゃ

ENsubsidiaryVIcông ty con

A company controlled by another company, its parent.

支店 してん

ENbranch officeVIchi nhánh

A dependent unit of a company without separate legal personality.

駐在員事務所 ちゅうざいいんじむしょ

ENrepresentative officeVIvăn phòng đại diện

A foreign company's liaison office not permitted to trade directly.

解散 かいさん

ENdissolutionVIgiải thể

The ending of a company's existence by decision or operation of law.

破産 はさん

ENbankruptcyVIphá sản

A court-declared insolvency in which assets are liquidated to pay creditors.

コンプライアンス

ENcomplianceVItuân thủ (compliance)

A company's adherence to laws, regulations and ethical standards.

内部統制 ないぶとうせい

ENinternal controlVIkiểm soát nội bộ

Processes that help a company manage risk and ensure lawful, reliable operations.

内部通報 ないぶつうほう

ENwhistleblowingVItố giác nội bộ

An employee reporting wrongdoing within an organisation through a protected channel.

贈収賄防止 ぞうしゅうわいぼうし

ENanti-briberyVIphòng chống hối lộ

Rules and measures to prevent giving or accepting bribes.

独占禁止法 どくせんきんしほう

ENantitrust lawVIluật cạnh tranh

Law preventing monopolies, cartels and abuse of market dominance.

下請法 したうけほう

ENSubcontract ActVILuật Thầu phụ (Nhật)

Japanese law protecting subcontractors from late payment and unfair pricing by contractors.

個人情報保護 こじんじょうほうほご

ENpersonal data protectionVIbảo vệ dữ liệu cá nhân

Rules on collecting, using and securing personal information.

一般データ保護規則 いっぱんデータほごきそく

ENGDPRVIQuy định chung về bảo vệ dữ liệu của EU (GDPR)

General Data Protection Regulation: the EU's personal data protection law.

プライバシーポリシー

ENprivacy policyVIchính sách quyền riêng tư

A statement of how an organisation collects, uses and protects personal data.

利用規約 りようきやく

ENterms of serviceVIđiều khoản sử dụng

Rules users must accept to use a service or platform.

マネーロンダリング対策 マネーロンダリングたいさく

ENanti-money launderingVIphòng chống rửa tiền

Measures preventing illicit funds from being disguised as legitimate.

反社会的勢力排除条項 はんしゃかいてきせいりょくはいじょじょうこう

ENanti-social forces exclusion clauseVIđiều khoản loại trừ thế lực phản xã hội

A Japanese contract clause in which parties affirm no ties to organised crime groups.

法務部 ほうむぶ

ENlegal departmentVIphòng pháp chế

The corporate department handling contracts, compliance and legal matters.