Law dictionary

contract

JA契約 けいやくVIhợp đồng

An agreement between parties that creates, changes or ends legally enforceable rights and obligations.

party

JA当事者 とうじしゃVIbên (trong hợp đồng)

A person or organisation that enters into and is bound by a contract.

offer

JA申込み もうしこみVIđề nghị giao kết hợp đồng

A definite proposal showing willingness to be bound once the other party accepts it.

acceptance

JA承諾 しょうだくVIchấp nhận đề nghị

Unconditional agreement to all terms of an offer, which concludes the contract.

consideration

JA約因 やくいんVIvật đối giá (consideration)

In common law, something of value exchanged by each party that makes a promise enforceable.

terms and conditions

JA取引条件 とりひきじょうけんVIđiều khoản và điều kiện

The detailed rules governing the relationship between parties to a transaction.

clause

JA条項 じょうこうVIđiều khoản

A distinct section of a contract dealing with a particular matter.

recital

JA前文 ぜんぶんVIphần mở đầu (căn cứ, bối cảnh)

Introductory statements setting out the background and purpose of a contract, often beginning "Whereas".

definitions clause

JA定義条項 ていぎじょうこうVIđiều khoản định nghĩa

A clause stating the meaning of key terms used throughout the contract.

obligation

JA債務 さいむVInghĩa vụ

Something a party is legally required to do or refrain from doing.

performance

JA履行 りこうVIthực hiện hợp đồng

Carrying out the obligations a party has undertaken under a contract.

breach of contract

JA契約違反 けいやくいはんVIvi phạm hợp đồng

Failure by a party to perform its contractual obligations, wholly or in part.

non-performance

JA債務不履行 さいむふりこうVIkhông thực hiện nghĩa vụ

Failure of an obligor to perform, or to perform on time or properly.

damages

JA損害賠償 そんがいばいしょうVItiền bồi thường thiệt hại

Money awarded to compensate a party for loss caused by another's wrongful act or breach.

liquidated damages

JA損害賠償額の予定 そんがいばいしょうがくのよていVItiền bồi thường ấn định trước

A sum fixed in advance in the contract as compensation for a specified breach.

penalty

JA違約金 いやくきんVIphạt vi phạm

A sum payable by the defaulting party under an agreed penalty clause.

limitation of liability

JA責任制限 せきにんせいげんVIgiới hạn trách nhiệm

A clause capping the amount or types of loss for which a party can be held liable.

indemnity

JA損害補償 そんがいほしょうVIbồi hoàn (indemnity)

A promise by one party to make good losses or claims the other suffers from specified events.

warranty

JA保証 ほしょうVIbảo đảm (cam kết chất lượng)

A contractual assurance that certain facts or the quality of goods or services are as stated.

representations and warranties

JA表明保証 ひょうめいほしょうVIcam đoan và bảo đảm

Statements of fact made by a party in a contract, for which it is liable if untrue.

force majeure

JA不可抗力 ふかこうりょくVIsự kiện bất khả kháng

An unforeseeable event beyond the parties' control that may excuse performance.

termination

JA解約 かいやくVIchấm dứt hợp đồng

Bringing a contract to an end for the future, by agreement or under law.

rescission

JA解除 かいじょVIhuỷ bỏ hợp đồng

Cancelling a contract and restoring the parties to their pre-contract positions.

void contract

JA無効な契約 むこうなけいやくVIhợp đồng vô hiệu

A contract that has no legal effect from the outset.

voidable contract

JA取り消しうる契約 とりけしうるけいやくVIhợp đồng có thể bị huỷ

A valid contract that one party may set aside, for example because of fraud or duress.

governing law

JA準拠法 じゅんきょほうVIluật áp dụng

The legal system chosen to govern and interpret a contract.

jurisdiction

JA管轄 かんかつVIthẩm quyền xét xử

The authority of a court or body to hear and decide a particular matter.

dispute resolution

JA紛争解決 ふんそうかいけつVIgiải quyết tranh chấp

Methods of settling disagreements, such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration or litigation.

arbitration

JA仲裁 ちゅうさいVItrọng tài thương mại

Resolution of a dispute by arbitrators chosen by the parties, whose award is binding.

arbitral award

JA仲裁判断 ちゅうさいはんだんVIphán quyết trọng tài

The final decision issued by an arbitral tribunal on a dispute.

mediation

JA調停 ちょうていVIhoà giải

A process in which a neutral third party helps the parties reach their own settlement.

confidentiality clause

JA秘密保持条項 ひみつほじじょうこうVIđiều khoản bảo mật

A clause prohibiting disclosure of confidential information shared between the parties.

NDA

JA秘密保持契約 ひみつほじけいやくVIthoả thuận bảo mật (NDA)

Non-Disclosure Agreement: a contract in which parties agree not to disclose confidential information.

MOU

JA覚書 おぼえがきVIbiên bản ghi nhớ (MOU)

Memorandum of Understanding: a document recording intended cooperation, often not fully binding.

letter of intent

JA基本合意書 きほんごういしょVIthư bày tỏ ý định

A document outlining intentions and key terms before a formal contract is signed.

master agreement

JA基本契約 きほんけいやくVIhợp đồng khung

A contract setting general terms that apply to a series of future transactions or orders.

individual contract

JA個別契約 こべつけいやくVIhợp đồng cá biệt

A contract for a specific transaction concluded under a master agreement.

purchase order

JA注文書 ちゅうもんしょVIđơn đặt hàng

A document from buyer to seller specifying goods, quantities, price and delivery terms.

sales contract

JA売買契約 ばいばいけいやくVIhợp đồng mua bán

A contract in which the seller transfers ownership of goods and the buyer pays the price.

service agreement

JA業務委託契約 ぎょうむいたくけいやくVIhợp đồng dịch vụ

A contract under which one party performs work or services for the other for a fee.

contract for work

JA請負契約 うけおいけいやくVIhợp đồng gia công / khoán việc

A contract in which the contractor undertakes to complete and deliver a specified result.

quasi-mandate contract

JA準委任契約 じゅんいにんけいやくVIhợp đồng uỷ thác thực hiện công việc

A Japanese-style contract to perform tasks, paid for effort rather than a guaranteed result.

lease agreement

JA賃貸借契約 ちんたいしゃくけいやくVIhợp đồng thuê

A contract granting use of property for a period in return for rent.

agency agreement

JA代理店契約 だいりてんけいやくVIhợp đồng đại lý

A contract in which an agent transacts business on behalf of a principal.

distribution agreement

JA販売店契約 はんばいてんけいやくVIhợp đồng phân phối

A contract allowing a distributor to buy a supplier's products for resale in a territory.

exclusivity

JA独占権 どくせんけんVIđộc quyền (trong hợp đồng)

A commitment to deal only with one party for certain products or a territory.

franchise agreement

JAフランチャイズ契約 フランチャイズけいやくVIhợp đồng nhượng quyền thương mại

A contract allowing a franchisee to operate under the franchisor's brand and business model.

joint venture

JA合弁事業 ごうべんじぎょうVIliên doanh

A business undertaking in which two or more parties pool resources and share profits and risks.

assignment

JA譲渡 じょうとVIchuyển nhượng quyền

Transfer of contractual rights by one party to another person.

subcontracting

JA再委託 さいいたくVIthầu phụ / giao lại

Delegating part of contracted work to a third party.

amendment

JA変更契約 へんこうけいやくVIsửa đổi hợp đồng (phụ lục sửa đổi)

A document signed by the parties to change or add to an existing contract.

appendix

JA別紙 べっしVIphụ lục hợp đồng

An attachment to a contract setting out details, forming part of the contract.

effective date

JA効力発生日 こうりょくはっせいびVIngày hiệu lực

The date on which a contract becomes binding on the parties.

term

JA契約期間 けいやくきかんVIthời hạn hợp đồng

The period during which a contract remains in force.

automatic renewal

JA自動更新 じどうこうしんVItự động gia hạn

A mechanism extending a contract for a further period unless a party gives notice.

signature

JA署名 しょめいVIchữ ký

A handwritten or electronic mark showing the signer's assent to a document.

company seal

JA社印 しゃいんVIcon dấu công ty

A company's official stamp applied to documents to authenticate the entity's assent.

revenue stamp

JA収入印紙 しゅうにゅういんしVItem thuế văn bản

A stamp affixed to certain documents in Japan to pay stamp duty.

Incoterms

JAインコタームズVIđiều kiện thương mại quốc tế (Incoterms)

International Commercial Terms: ICC rules allocating delivery costs and risks between buyer and seller.

letter of credit

JA信用状 しんようじょうVIthư tín dụng (L/C)

A bank's undertaking to pay the seller on presentation of complying documents.

statute of limitations

JA消滅時効 しょうめつじこうVIthời hiệu khởi kiện

The time limit after which a legal claim can no longer be brought or enforced.

good faith

JA信義誠実の原則 しんぎせいじつのげんそくVIthiện chí, trung thực

The principle that parties must act honestly and fairly in making and performing contracts.

standard form contract

JA定型約款 ていけいやっかんVIhợp đồng theo mẫu

A pre-drafted contract offered on a take-it-or-leave-it basis to many customers.

consumer protection

JA消費者保護 しょうひしゃほごVIbảo vệ người tiêu dùng

Laws safeguarding the interests of buyers of goods and services for personal use.

security interest

JA担保権 たんぽけんVIbiện pháp bảo đảm

A right over property granted to secure performance of an obligation.

guarantee

JA保証契約 ほしょうけいやくVIbảo lãnh

A third party's promise to perform an obligation if the principal debtor fails to do so.

law

JA法律 ほうりつVIluật, pháp luật

A system of rules made or recognised by the state and enforced by it.

constitution

JA憲法 けんぽうVIhiến pháp

The supreme law setting out the structure of the state and citizens' fundamental rights.

civil code

JA民法 みんぽうVIbộ luật dân sự

The code governing property and personal relations between private persons.

penal code

JA刑法 けいほうVIbộ luật hình sự

The code defining criminal offences and their punishments.

civil procedure

JA民事訴訟 みんじそしょうVItố tụng dân sự

The rules and process by which courts resolve private disputes.

criminal procedure

JA刑事訴訟 けいじそしょうVItố tụng hình sự

The process of investigating, prosecuting, trying and sentencing criminal offences.

statute

JA制定法 せいていほうVIđạo luật, văn bản luật

A written law passed by a legislature.

precedent

JA判例 はんれいVIán lệ

An earlier court decision used as authority for deciding similar cases.

court

JA裁判所 さいばんしょVItoà án

A state body with authority to hear cases and resolve disputes.

district court

JA地方裁判所 ちほうさいばんしょVItoà án sơ thẩm (cấp địa phương)

A lower court that tries most civil and criminal cases at first instance.

high court

JA高等裁判所 こうとうさいばんしょVItoà án cấp cao

A court that hears appeals from lower court judgments.

supreme court

JA最高裁判所 さいこうさいばんしょVItoà án tối cao

The highest court of a country, with final authority on points of law.

judge

JA裁判官 さいばんかんVIthẩm phán

An official appointed to hear cases and make decisions in court.

prosecutor

JA検察官 けんさつかんVIkiểm sát viên, công tố viên

An official who brings criminal charges and presents the case on behalf of the state.

lawyer

JA弁護士 べんごしVIluật sư

A licensed professional who gives legal advice and represents clients.

defence counsel

JA弁護人 べんごにんVIluật sư bào chữa

A lawyer who represents the accused in criminal proceedings.

plaintiff

JA原告 げんこくVInguyên đơn

The party who brings a civil lawsuit.

defendant

JA被告 ひこくVIbị đơn

The party against whom a civil lawsuit is brought.

the accused

JA被告人 ひこくにんVIbị cáo

A person formally charged with and tried for a criminal offence.

suspect

JA被疑者 ひぎしゃVInghi phạm, bị can

A person suspected of a crime before being formally charged.

victim

JA被害者 ひがいしゃVIbị hại

A person who suffers physical, mental or property harm from a crime.

witness

JA証人 しょうにんVIngười làm chứng

A person who knows facts of a case and is called to give evidence.

lawsuit

JA訴訟 そしょうVIvụ kiện

A case brought before a court for resolution under legal procedure.

complaint

JA訴状 そじょうVIđơn khởi kiện

The document a plaintiff files to start a lawsuit, stating claims and grounds.

claim

JA請求 せいきゅうVIyêu cầu (khởi kiện)

A demand that a court or party recognise a right or perform an obligation.

evidence

JA証拠 しょうこVIchứng cứ

Material used to prove or disprove facts in a case.

burden of proof

JA立証責任 りっしょうせきにんVInghĩa vụ chứng minh

The duty of a party to prove the facts it asserts.

testimony

JA証言 しょうげんVIlời khai

A statement given by a witness or party before a court or authority.

hearing

JA口頭弁論 こうとうべんろんVIphiên toà, phiên họp

A court session where parties present arguments and evidence.

trial

JA公判 こうはんVIxét xử

The court's examination of evidence and determination of a case.

judgment

JA判決 はんけつVIbản án

A court's decision resolving the merits of a case.

ruling

JA決定 けっていVIquyết định (của toà)

A court's decision on a specific issue arising during proceedings.

appeal

JA控訴 こうそVIkháng cáo

A request to a higher court to review a first-instance judgment.

final appeal

JA上告 じょうこくVIkháng cáo lên toà tối cao

In Japan, an appeal from a high court judgment to the Supreme Court.

settlement

JA和解 わかいVIhoà giải thành, dàn xếp

An agreement ending a dispute without a court judgment.

enforcement

JA強制執行 きょうせいしっこうVIthi hành án

Compelling compliance with a final judgment through state authority.

provisional attachment

JA仮差押え かりさしおさえVIkê biên tạm thời

Freezing a debtor's assets before judgment to secure later enforcement.

crime

JA犯罪 はんざいVItội phạm

An act prohibited and punishable under criminal law.

arrest

JA逮捕 たいほVIbắt giữ

Taking a person into custody on suspicion of a crime.

detention

JA勾留 こうりゅうVItạm giam

Holding a person in custody during investigation or pending trial.

indictment

JA起訴 きそVItruy tố, cáo trạng

The prosecutor's formal decision to bring a suspect to trial.

non-prosecution

JA不起訴 ふきそVIkhông truy tố

A prosecutor's decision not to bring charges to trial.

bail

JA保釈 ほしゃくVIbảo lĩnh, tại ngoại

Temporary release of an accused, usually against a security payment.

guilty

JA有罪 ゆうざいVIcó tội

A court's finding that the accused committed the offence.

not guilty

JA無罪 むざいVIvô tội

A court's finding that the accused is not proven to have committed the offence.

sentence

JA刑罰 けいばつVIhình phạt, mức án

The punishment imposed by a court on a convicted person.

fine

JA罰金 ばっきんVIphạt tiền

A monetary penalty paid to the state.

imprisonment

JA拘禁刑 こうきんけいVIphạt tù

A sentence requiring the offender to serve time in prison (Japan merged 懲役 and 禁錮 into 拘禁刑 in June 2025).

suspended sentence

JA執行猶予 しっこうゆうよVIán treo

A prison sentence not enforced provided no further offence is committed during probation.

statute of limitations for prosecution

JA公訴時効 こうそじこうVIthời hiệu truy cứu trách nhiệm hình sự

The period after which an offender can no longer be prosecuted.

tort

JA不法行為 ふほうこういVIhành vi trái pháp luật gây thiệt hại

A civil wrong causing harm that gives rise to liability outside contract.

negligence

JA過失 かしつVIlỗi vô ý, sơ suất

Failure to take reasonable care, resulting in harm to another.

intent

JA故意 こいVIlỗi cố ý

The state of knowingly and deliberately bringing about a result.

legal capacity

JA行為能力 こういのうりょくVInăng lực hành vi

A person's ability to create rights and obligations through their own acts.

minor

JA未成年者 みせいねんしゃVIngười chưa thành niên

A person below the legal age of majority.

guardian

JA後見人 こうけんにんVIngười giám hộ

A person appointed to care for and represent a minor or incapacitated person.

power of attorney

JA委任状 いにんじょうVIgiấy uỷ quyền

A document authorising another person to act on one's behalf.

ownership

JA所有権 しょゆうけんVIquyền sở hữu

The right to possess, use and dispose of property.

inheritance

JA相続 そうぞくVIthừa kế

Transfer of a deceased person's estate to heirs by will or by law.

will

JA遺言 いごんVIdi chúc

A document stating how a person's property is to be distributed after death.

divorce

JA離婚 りこんVIly hôn

The legal ending of a marriage by agreement or court decision.

custody

JA親権 しんけんVIquyền nuôi con

Parental rights and duties to raise, educate and represent a child.

notary

JA公証人 こうしょうにんVIcông chứng viên

A state-appointed official who certifies the authenticity of documents and transactions.

notarisation

JA公正証書作成 こうせいしょうしょさくせいVIcông chứng

Certification by a notary that a document is authentic and lawfully executed.

legal aid

JA法律扶助 ほうりつふじょVItrợ giúp pháp lý

Free or low-cost legal services for people who cannot afford them.

labour law

JA労働法 ろうどうほうVIluật lao động

The body of law governing relations between workers and employers.

Labour Standards Act

JA労働基準法 ろうどうきじゅんほうVILuật Tiêu chuẩn Lao động (Nhật)

Japanese law setting minimum working conditions such as hours, wages and leave.

employment contract

JA雇用契約 こようけいやくVIhợp đồng lao động

An agreement on paid work, working conditions and the parties' rights and duties.

employer

JA使用者 しようしゃVIngười sử dụng lao động

A person or organisation that hires and pays workers.

employee

JA労働者 ろうどうしゃVIngười lao động

A person who works for an employer under contract in return for wages.

notice of working conditions

JA労働条件通知書 ろうどうじょうけんつうちしょVIvăn bản thông báo điều kiện lao động

A document Japanese employers must issue stating wages, hours and contract period.

work rules

JA就業規則 しゅうぎょうきそくVInội quy lao động

An employer's rules on discipline, working hours and conditions for staff.

fixed-term contract

JA有期雇用契約 ゆうきこようけいやくVIhợp đồng xác định thời hạn

An employment contract that ends on a specified date.

indefinite-term contract

JA無期雇用契約 むきこようけいやくVIhợp đồng không xác định thời hạn

An employment contract with no fixed end date.

probation period

JA試用期間 しようきかんVIthời gian thử việc

An initial period during which employer and employee assess suitability.

working hours

JA労働時間 ろうどうじかんVIgiờ làm việc

Time during which an employee works under the employer's direction.

overtime

JA時間外労働 じかんがいろうどうVIlàm thêm giờ

Work performed beyond normal statutory or agreed hours.

Article 36 agreement

JA36協定 さぶろくきょうていVIthoả thuận Điều 36 (làm thêm giờ)

A Japanese labour-management agreement required before employees may lawfully work overtime.

minimum wage

JA最低賃金 さいていちんぎんVIlương tối thiểu

The lowest wage employers are legally required to pay.

annual paid leave

JA年次有給休暇 ねんじゆうきゅうきゅうかVInghỉ phép năm có lương

Days off each year for which the employee continues to be paid.

maternity leave

JA産前産後休業 さんぜんさんごきゅうぎょうVInghỉ thai sản

Leave taken by a female employee before and after childbirth.

childcare leave

JA育児休業 いくじきゅうぎょうVInghỉ chăm con

Leave allowing a parent to care for a young child.

dismissal

JA解雇 かいこVIsa thải

Termination of employment by the employer.

unfair dismissal

JA不当解雇 ふとうかいこVIsa thải trái pháp luật

Dismissal without valid reason or proper procedure.

resignation

JA退職 たいしょくVInghỉ việc, thôi việc

An employee ending their employment, usually by giving notice.

non-renewal of contract

JA雇止め やといどめVIkhông gia hạn hợp đồng

An employer's refusal to renew a fixed-term contract on expiry.

severance pay

JA退職金 たいしょくきんVItrợ cấp thôi việc

A payment made to an employee on leaving employment.

labour union

JA労働組合 ろうどうくみあいVIcông đoàn

An organisation of workers that represents their interests with employers.

collective agreement

JA労働協約 ろうどうきょうやくVIthoả ước lao động tập thể

A written agreement between a union and employer on working conditions.

labour standards inspection office

JA労働基準監督署 ろうどうきじゅんかんとくしょVIvăn phòng thanh tra tiêu chuẩn lao động

A Japanese office that enforces labour standards and receives complaints.

harassment

JAハラスメントVIquấy rối

Conduct that violates a person's dignity or causes mental or physical harm at work.

power harassment

JAパワーハラスメントVIquấy rối quyền lực

Abuse of a superior position to pressure or demean an employee.

workers' accident compensation insurance

JA労災保険 ろうさいほけんVIbảo hiểm tai nạn lao động

Insurance covering employees injured, ill or killed due to work.

employment insurance

JA雇用保険 こようほけんVIbảo hiểm thất nghiệp

Insurance that pays benefits to people who lose their jobs.

social insurance

JA社会保険 しゃかいほけんVIbảo hiểm xã hội

Compulsory insurance schemes covering health, pension and related benefits.

health insurance

JA健康保険 けんこうほけんVIbảo hiểm y tế

Insurance covering part of the insured's medical costs.

employees' pension insurance

JA厚生年金 こうせいねんきんVIbảo hiểm hưu trí (người làm công)

Japan's pension scheme for company employees.

withholding tax

JA源泉徴収 げんせんちょうしゅうVIthuế khấu trừ tại nguồn

Tax deducted by the payer before payment and remitted on the recipient's behalf.

year-end tax adjustment

JA年末調整 ねんまつちょうせいVIquyết toán thuế cuối năm

A Japanese employer's year-end recalculation of employees' income tax.

administrative law

JA行政法 ぎょうせいほうVIluật hành chính

Law governing the organisation and actions of public administration.

administrative procedure

JA行政手続 ぎょうせいてつづきVIthủ tục hành chính

The steps and documents required when dealing with government authorities.

administrative disposition

JA行政処分 ぎょうせいしょぶんVIquyết định hành chính

A government decision directly affecting a person's rights or duties.

administrative appeal

JA審査請求 しんさせいきゅうVIkhiếu nại hành chính

A request to an authority to review an administrative decision.

administrative litigation

JA行政訴訟 ぎょうせいそしょうVItố tụng hành chính

Court proceedings challenging decisions or acts of public authorities.

permit

JA許可 きょかVIgiấy phép

Official authorisation to carry out an otherwise restricted activity.

application

JA申請 しんせいVIđơn đề nghị, hồ sơ xin

A formal request submitted to an authority for a permit or certification.

notification

JA届出 とどけでVIkhai báo, thông báo

Informing an authority of a fact as required, without needing approval.

residence registration

JA住民登録 じゅうみんとうろくVIđăng ký cư trú

Registering one's address with the local government.

certificate of residence

JA住民票 じゅうみんひょうVIphiếu cư trú (juminhyo)

A Japanese municipal certificate confirming a person's address and residency details.

family register

JA戸籍 こせきVIsổ hộ tịch (koseki)

Japan's register recording a citizen's family relations, births, marriages and deaths.

civil status registration

JA身分登録 みぶんとうろくVIđăng ký hộ tịch

Recording events such as birth, marriage and death with the authorities.

My Number

JAマイナンバーVImã số cá nhân (My Number)

Japan's 12-digit individual number used for tax and social security.

seal registration certificate

JA印鑑登録証明書 いんかんとうろくしょうめいしょVIgiấy chứng nhận đăng ký con dấu

A certificate proving a personal seal is registered, used for important transactions.

immigration

JA出入国管理 しゅつにゅうこくかんりVIxuất nhập cảnh

Control of foreign nationals entering, leaving and residing in a country.

Immigration Services Agency

JA出入国在留管理庁 しゅつにゅうこくざいりゅうかんりちょうVICục Quản lý Xuất nhập cảnh (Nhật)

The Japanese agency handling entry, departure and residence status of foreigners.

visa

JA査証 さしょうVIthị thực (visa)

An entry authorisation issued by the destination country's mission.

status of residence

JA在留資格 ざいりゅうしかくVItư cách lưu trú

The legal category allowing a foreigner to stay and engage in set activities in Japan.

period of stay

JA在留期間 ざいりゅうきかんVIthời hạn lưu trú

The length of time a foreigner may stay under their status of residence.

residence card

JA在留カード ざいりゅうカードVIthẻ lưu trú (zairyu card)

An ID card issued to mid- and long-term foreign residents in Japan.

certificate of eligibility

JA在留資格認定証明書 ざいりゅうしかくにんていしょうめいしょVIgiấy chứng nhận tư cách lưu trú (COE)

A certificate confirming a foreigner meets residence status requirements, used for a visa.

extension of period of stay

JA在留期間更新 ざいりゅうきかんこうしんVIgia hạn thời hạn lưu trú

The procedure to lengthen permitted stay under the same status.

change of status of residence

JA在留資格変更 ざいりゅうしかくへんこうVIchuyển đổi tư cách lưu trú

The procedure to switch to a different residence status when the purpose of stay changes.

permanent residence

JA永住 えいじゅうVIvĩnh trú

Status allowing a foreigner to reside without time limit.

work permit

JA就労許可 しゅうろうきょかVIgiấy phép lao động

Authorisation for a foreign national to work legally.

permission to engage in activity outside status

JA資格外活動許可 しかくがいかつどうきょかVIgiấy phép hoạt động ngoài tư cách

Permission for a foreigner, such as a student, to work beyond their status activities.

re-entry permit

JA再入国許可 さいにゅうこくきょかVIgiấy phép tái nhập cảnh

Permission to leave temporarily and return without losing residence status.

naturalisation

JA帰化 きかVInhập quốc tịch

The process by which a foreigner acquires the host country's nationality.

overstay

JA不法残留 ふほうざんりゅうVIlưu trú quá hạn

Remaining in a country beyond the permitted period of stay.

deportation

JA退去強制 たいきょきょうせいVItrục xuất

Forced removal of a foreign national from the country.

certified translation

JA認証翻訳 にんしょうほんやくVIbản dịch có chứng thực

A translation certified as accurate for submission to authorities.

apostille

JAアポスティーユVIchứng nhận apostille

A Hague Convention certificate authenticating a public document for use abroad.

consular legalisation

JA領事認証 りょうじにんしょうVIhợp pháp hoá lãnh sự

Consular confirmation of seals and signatures on foreign documents.

intellectual property

JA知的財産 ちてきざいさんVIsở hữu trí tuệ

Intangible creations of the mind such as inventions, trademarks and creative works.

intellectual property rights

JA知的財産権 ちてきざいさんけんVIquyền sở hữu trí tuệ

Exclusive legal rights granted to owners of intellectual property.

patent

JA特許 とっきょVIbằng sáng chế

An exclusive right to exploit an invention for a limited period.

patent application

JA特許出願 とっきょしゅつがんVIđơn đăng ký sáng chế

A filing with a patent office requesting a patent for an invention.

invention

JA発明 はつめいVIsáng chế

A new technical solution involving an inventive step and industrial applicability.

novelty

JA新規性 しんきせいVItính mới

The requirement that an invention was not publicly disclosed before filing.

inventive step

JA進歩性 しんぽせいVItrình độ sáng tạo

The requirement that an invention is not obvious to a skilled person in the field.

patent claims

JA特許請求の範囲 とっきょせいきゅうのはんいVIyêu cầu bảo hộ

The part of a patent specification defining the scope of protection.

prior art

JA先行技術 せんこうぎじゅつVItình trạng kỹ thuật đã biết

All technical knowledge made public before an application's priority date.

utility model

JA実用新案 じつようしんあんVIgiải pháp hữu ích

Protection for minor technical improvements, with lower thresholds and shorter terms than patents.

industrial design

JA意匠 いしょうVIkiểu dáng công nghiệp

The protected external appearance of a product.

trademark

JA商標 しょうひょうVInhãn hiệu

A sign distinguishing the goods or services of one business from others.

trademark registration

JA商標登録 しょうひょうとうろくVIđăng ký nhãn hiệu

Recording a trademark with the authority to obtain exclusive protection.

trade name

JA商号 しょうごうVItên thương mại

The name under which a business operates.

copyright

JA著作権 ちょさくけんVIquyền tác giả

Rights of creators over literary, artistic and software works.

moral rights

JA著作者人格権 ちょさくしゃじんかくけんVIquyền nhân thân của tác giả

Non-transferable rights of attribution and integrity in a work.

work made for hire

JA職務著作 しょくむちょさくVItác phẩm do nhân viên tạo ra theo nhiệm vụ

A work created by an employee in the course of duties, typically owned by the employer.

employee invention

JA職務発明 しょくむはつめいVIsáng chế công vụ

An invention made by an employee within the scope of their job.

trade secret

JA営業秘密 えいぎょうひみつVIbí mật kinh doanh

Commercially valuable information kept confidential and not publicly known.

unfair competition

JA不正競争 ふせいきょうそうVIcạnh tranh không lành mạnh

Dishonest business practices harming competitors or consumers.

infringement

JA侵害 しんがいVIxâm phạm quyền

Use of protected subject matter without the owner's permission.

counterfeit

JA模倣品 もほうひんVIhàng giả

Goods bearing a fake trademark or copying a protected product.

licence

JAライセンスVIli-xăng, giấy phép sử dụng

Permission from an owner allowing another to use intellectual property.

licence agreement

JAライセンス契約 ライセンスけいやくVIhợp đồng li-xăng

A contract granting use of intellectual property on agreed terms and fees.

royalty

JAロイヤルティVItiền bản quyền

A fee paid to an owner for using intellectual property.

open-source licence

JAオープンソースライセンスVIgiấy phép mã nguồn mở

A licence allowing software to be used, modified and distributed under set conditions.

company law

JA会社法 かいしゃほうVIluật doanh nghiệp

Law governing the formation, organisation, management and dissolution of companies.

corporation

JA法人 ほうじんVIpháp nhân, công ty

An entity with legal personality separate from its members.

joint-stock company

JA株式会社 かぶしきがいしゃVIcông ty cổ phần

A company whose capital is divided into shares, with shareholders' liability limited to their investment.

limited liability company

JA合同会社 ごうどうがいしゃVIcông ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn

A company whose members' liability is limited to their contributions; in Japan, the godo kaisha.

sole proprietorship

JA個人事業 こじんじぎょうVIdoanh nghiệp tư nhân / hộ kinh doanh

A business owned by one individual with unlimited personal liability.

articles of incorporation

JA定款 ていかんVIđiều lệ công ty

The founding document setting out a company's organisation and members' rights.

commercial registration

JA商業登記 しょうぎょうとうきVIđăng ký kinh doanh

Recording a company's details in the official public register.

certificate of registered matters

JA登記事項証明書 とうきじこうしょうめいしょVIgiấy chứng nhận đăng ký doanh nghiệp (trích lục)

A certificate showing a company's registered details such as name, address and representative.

capital

JA資本金 しほんきんVIvốn điều lệ

The amount contributed or pledged by members or shareholders to a company.

share

JA株式 かぶしきVIcổ phần

A unit of a company's capital representing the holder's ownership rights.

shareholder

JA株主 かぶぬしVIcổ đông

A person or entity that owns shares in a company.

general meeting of shareholders

JA株主総会 かぶぬしそうかいVIđại hội đồng cổ đông

The highest decision-making body of a company, made up of voting shareholders.

board of directors

JA取締役会 とりしまりやくかいVIhội đồng quản trị

The body that manages a company, sets strategy and oversees executives.

director

JA取締役 とりしまりやくVIthành viên hội đồng quản trị

A person elected to manage a company and accountable to shareholders.

representative director

JA代表取締役 だいひょうとりしまりやくVIngười đại diện theo pháp luật

The director authorised to act on the company's behalf with third parties.

corporate auditor

JA監査役 かんさやくVIkiểm soát viên

An officer who monitors directors' conduct and the company's accounts.

fiduciary duty

JA善管注意義務 ぜんかんちゅういぎむVInghĩa vụ trung thành và cẩn trọng

A manager's duty to act with due care and in the company's best interests.

corporate governance

JAコーポレートガバナンスVIquản trị công ty

The system of rules and structures by which a company is directed and controlled.

merger

JA合併 がっぺいVIsáp nhập, hợp nhất

The combination of two or more companies into one entity.

M&A

JAM&A エムアンドエーVImua bán và sáp nhập (M&A)

Mergers and Acquisitions: transactions combining or buying companies.

due diligence

JAデューデリジェンスVIthẩm định (due diligence)

Legal and financial investigation of a target or counterparty before a transaction.

subsidiary

JA子会社 こがいしゃVIcông ty con

A company controlled by another company, its parent.

branch office

JA支店 してんVIchi nhánh

A dependent unit of a company without separate legal personality.

representative office

JA駐在員事務所 ちゅうざいいんじむしょVIvăn phòng đại diện

A foreign company's liaison office not permitted to trade directly.

dissolution

JA解散 かいさんVIgiải thể

The ending of a company's existence by decision or operation of law.

bankruptcy

JA破産 はさんVIphá sản

A court-declared insolvency in which assets are liquidated to pay creditors.

compliance

JAコンプライアンスVItuân thủ (compliance)

A company's adherence to laws, regulations and ethical standards.

internal control

JA内部統制 ないぶとうせいVIkiểm soát nội bộ

Processes that help a company manage risk and ensure lawful, reliable operations.

whistleblowing

JA内部通報 ないぶつうほうVItố giác nội bộ

An employee reporting wrongdoing within an organisation through a protected channel.

anti-bribery

JA贈収賄防止 ぞうしゅうわいぼうしVIphòng chống hối lộ

Rules and measures to prevent giving or accepting bribes.

antitrust law

JA独占禁止法 どくせんきんしほうVIluật cạnh tranh

Law preventing monopolies, cartels and abuse of market dominance.

Subcontract Act

JA下請法 したうけほうVILuật Thầu phụ (Nhật)

Japanese law protecting subcontractors from late payment and unfair pricing by contractors.

personal data protection

JA個人情報保護 こじんじょうほうほごVIbảo vệ dữ liệu cá nhân

Rules on collecting, using and securing personal information.

GDPR

JA一般データ保護規則 いっぱんデータほごきそくVIQuy định chung về bảo vệ dữ liệu của EU (GDPR)

General Data Protection Regulation: the EU's personal data protection law.

privacy policy

JAプライバシーポリシーVIchính sách quyền riêng tư

A statement of how an organisation collects, uses and protects personal data.

terms of service

JA利用規約 りようきやくVIđiều khoản sử dụng

Rules users must accept to use a service or platform.

anti-money laundering

JAマネーロンダリング対策 マネーロンダリングたいさくVIphòng chống rửa tiền

Measures preventing illicit funds from being disguised as legitimate.

anti-social forces exclusion clause

JA反社会的勢力排除条項 はんしゃかいてきせいりょくはいじょじょうこうVIđiều khoản loại trừ thế lực phản xã hội

A Japanese contract clause in which parties affirm no ties to organised crime groups.

legal department

JA法務部 ほうむぶVIphòng pháp chế

The corporate department handling contracts, compliance and legal matters.