Information technology dictionary

source code

JAソースコードVImã nguồn (source code)

Program text written in a programming language that humans can read and edit.

programming language

JAプログラミング言語 プログラミングげんごVIngôn ngữ lập trình

A formal system of syntax and rules for writing instructions a computer can execute.

variable

JA変数 へんすうVIbiến

A named storage location that holds a value which may change during execution.

constant

JA定数 ていすうVIhằng số

A named value that cannot be changed while the program runs.

data type

JAデータ型 データがたVIkiểu dữ liệu

A classification such as integer, string or boolean that determines allowed values and operations.

function

JA関数 かんすうVIhàm

A named block of code that takes parameters, performs a task and may return a value.

argument

JA引数 ひきすうVIđối số

A value actually passed to a function when it is called.

return value

JA戻り値 もどりちVIgiá trị trả về

The result a function sends back to its caller.

loop

JAループVIvòng lặp

A control structure that repeats a block of code while a condition holds.

conditional statement

JA条件分岐 じょうけんぶんきVIcâu lệnh điều kiện

A statement such as if/else that chooses which code to run based on a condition.

array

JA配列 はいれつVImảng

An ordered collection of elements accessed by index.

string

JA文字列 もじれつVIchuỗi

A sequence of characters used to represent text.

object

JAオブジェクトVIđối tượng

An entity that bundles data (properties) and behavior (methods).

class

JAクラスVIlớp

A template defining the properties and methods from which objects are created.

instance

JAインスタンスVIthể hiện (instance)

A concrete object created from a class.

method

JAメソッドVIphương thức

A function defined within a class that operates on its objects.

inheritance

JA継承 けいしょうVIkế thừa

A mechanism letting a subclass reuse the properties and methods of a parent class.

encapsulation

JAカプセル化 カプセルかVIđóng gói

Hiding an object's internal data and exposing it only through a public interface.

polymorphism

JAポリモーフィズムVIđa hình

The ability of one call to behave differently depending on the object's type.

interface

JAインターフェースVIgiao diện (interface)

A set of method signatures that implementing classes must provide.

OOP

JAオブジェクト指向プログラミング オブジェクトしこうプログラミングVIlập trình hướng đối tượng (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming: a paradigm that organizes programs around objects.

algorithm

JAアルゴリズムVIthuật toán

A finite sequence of well-defined steps for solving a problem.

data structure

JAデータ構造 データこうぞうVIcấu trúc dữ liệu

A way of organizing data in memory for efficient access and modification.

recursion

JA再帰 さいきVIđệ quy

A technique in which a function calls itself on smaller subproblems.

library

JAライブラリVIthư viện

A collection of prewritten code that programs can call.

framework

JAフレームワークVIframework

A software skeleton that dictates application structure and calls developer-written code.

API

JAAPI エーピーアイVIAPI

Application Programming Interface: a defined way for software components to communicate.

SDK

JASDK エスディーケーVISDK

Software Development Kit: tools, libraries and documentation for building on a platform.

IDE

JA統合開発環境 とうごうかいはつかんきょうVIIDE

Integrated Development Environment: software combining code editing, building and debugging.

compiler

JAコンパイラVItrình biên dịch

A program that translates source code into machine code before execution.

interpreter

JAインタプリタVItrình thông dịch

A program that executes source code statement by statement at run time.

compile

JAコンパイルVIbiên dịch (compile)

To translate source code into machine or intermediate code.

build

JAビルドVIbuild

The process of compiling, linking and packaging source code into a runnable artifact.

runtime

JAランタイムVIthời gian chạy (runtime)

The period when a program executes, or the environment supporting its execution.

bug

JAバグVIlỗi (bug)

A defect in a program that causes incorrect or unexpected behavior.

debug

JAデバッグVIgỡ lỗi (debug)

To find and fix the causes of defects in a program.

exception

JA例外 れいがいVIngoại lệ (exception)

An abnormal run-time event that disrupts the normal flow of a program.

exception handling

JA例外処理 れいがいしょりVIxử lý ngoại lệ

Catching and handling exceptions, e.g. with try/catch, so the program does not crash.

refactoring

JAリファクタリングVItái cấu trúc mã (refactor)

Restructuring code internally without changing its external behavior.

code review

JAコードレビューVIreview code

Peer examination of code changes before they are merged.

comment

JAコメントVIchú thích (comment)

Explanatory text in source code that the compiler ignores.

unit test

JA単体テスト たんたいテストVIkiểm thử đơn vị (unit test)

A test that verifies a single function or module in isolation.

integration test

JA結合テスト けつごうテストVIkiểm thử tích hợp

A test that verifies modules working together after being combined.

system test

JA総合テスト そうごうテストVIkiểm thử hệ thống

Testing the complete system against its specified requirements.

test case

JAテストケースVItest case (ca kiểm thử)

A set of conditions, inputs and expected results for verifying a feature.

requirements definition

JA要件定義 ようけんていぎVIđịnh nghĩa yêu cầu

The phase of identifying and documenting what a system must do.

basic design

JA基本設計 きほんせっけいVIthiết kế cơ bản

Design of functions, screens and interfaces as seen by the client; also called external design.

detailed design

JA詳細設計 しょうさいせっけいVIthiết kế chi tiết

Design of a program's internal structure that serves as the basis for coding.

specification

JA仕様書 しようしょVIđặc tả (spec)

A document precisely describing the required functions and behavior of software.

waterfall model

JAウォーターフォールモデルVImô hình thác nước (waterfall)

A development model proceeding sequentially through phases, each finished before the next.

agile

JAアジャイルVIagile

A development approach using short iterations and embracing changing requirements.

scrum

JAスクラムVIscrum

An agile framework organizing work into sprints with defined roles and ceremonies.

sprint

JAスプリントVIsprint

A fixed-length development cycle, usually one to four weeks, in Scrum.

CI/CD

JACI/CD シーアイ/シーディーVICI/CD

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery: automatically building, testing and deploying each code change.

deploy

JAデプロイVItriển khai (deploy)

To install and release a software version to a target environment.

release

JAリリースVIphát hành (release)

Making an official software version available to users.

production environment

JA本番環境 ほんばんかんきょうVImôi trường production

The live environment where end users use the system.

staging environment

JAステージング環境 ステージングかんきょうVImôi trường staging

A production-like environment for final checks before release.

development environment

JA開発環境 かいはつかんきょうVImôi trường phát triển (dev)

The environment developers use to write and try out code.

dependency

JA依存関係 いぞんかんけいVIphụ thuộc (dependency)

An external library or package a project needs in order to run.

package manager

JAパッケージマネージャーVItrình quản lý gói

A tool such as npm or pip that installs, updates and manages dependencies.

technical debt

JA技術的負債 ぎじゅつてきふさいVInợ kỹ thuật

The future rework cost incurred by choosing quick but suboptimal solutions now.

design pattern

JAデザインパターンVImẫu thiết kế (design pattern)

A reusable, proven solution to a common software design problem.

asynchronous processing

JA非同期処理 ひどうきしょりVIxử lý bất đồng bộ (async)

Running tasks without blocking the main flow while waiting for results.

memory leak

JAメモリリークVIrò rỉ bộ nhớ

A defect where allocated memory is never released, steadily increasing usage.

version control

JAバージョン管理 バージョンかんりVIquản lý phiên bản

A system that records file changes over time so versions can be recalled.

Git

JAGit ギットVIGit

The most widely used distributed version control system.

repository

JAリポジトリVIkho mã (repository, repo)

A storage location for source code and its complete change history.

commit

JAコミットVIcommit

To record a set of changes in repository history with a message.

branch

JAブランチVInhánh (branch)

A separate line of development that does not affect the main line.

merge

JAマージVImerge (gộp nhánh)

To combine changes from one branch into another.

merge conflict

JAコンフリクトVIconflict (xung đột)

A situation where two branches change the same lines and Git cannot merge automatically.

pull request

JAプルリクエストVIpull request (PR)

A request on platforms like GitHub to review and merge one branch into another.

push

JAプッシュVIpush

To upload local commits to a remote repository.

pull

JAプルVIpull

To fetch changes from a remote repository and merge them locally.

clone

JAクローンVIclone

To copy an entire remote repository to the local machine.

rebase

JAリベースVIrebase

To reapply a branch's commits onto a new base for a linear history.

tag

JAタグVItag

A label attached to a specific commit, usually marking a release.

hotfix

JAホットフィックスVIhotfix

An urgent fix applied directly to production.

open source

JAオープンソースVImã nguồn mở

Software whose source code is public and may be used, modified and redistributed.

regular expression

JA正規表現 せいきひょうげんVIbiểu thức chính quy (regex)

A pattern string used to search for and match text.

microservices

JAマイクロサービスVImicroservices (kiến trúc vi dịch vụ)

An architecture splitting an application into small, independently deployable services.

pair programming

JAペアプログラミングVIlập trình cặp

Two developers working at one machine, one coding and one reviewing.

coding standard

JAコーディング規約 コーディングきやくVIquy ước viết mã (coding convention)

Agreed rules on naming, formatting and style for a project's code.

database

JAデータベースVIcơ sở dữ liệu (database, DB)

An organized collection of data stored for easy retrieval and update.

DBMS

JAデータベース管理システム データベースかんりシステムVIhệ quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu

Database Management System: software for creating, managing and querying databases.

relational database

JAリレーショナルデータベースVIcơ sở dữ liệu quan hệ

A database that organizes data into related tables.

table

JAテーブルVIbảng

A structure storing data in rows and columns in a relational database.

record

JAレコードVIbản ghi (record)

A single row of data in a table representing one entity.

column

JAカラムVIcột

A named field in a table with a defined data type.

primary key

JA主キー しゅキーVIkhoá chính

A column or set of columns whose values uniquely identify each row in a table.

foreign key

JA外部キー がいぶキーVIkhoá ngoại

A column referencing another table's primary key to link the two tables.

unique constraint

JA一意制約 いちいせいやくVIràng buộc unique

A constraint preventing duplicate values in a column.

NOT NULL constraint

JANOT NULL制約 ノットナルせいやくVIràng buộc NOT NULL

A constraint requiring a column to always contain a value.

NULL

JANULL ヌルVINULL

A special marker indicating missing or unknown data.

index

JAインデックスVIchỉ mục (index)

An auxiliary structure that speeds up data lookup in a table.

SQL

JASQL エスキューエルVISQL

Structured Query Language: the standard language for querying and manipulating relational databases.

query

JAクエリVItruy vấn (query)

A request to retrieve or modify data in a database.

SELECT statement

JASELECT文 セレクトぶんVIcâu lệnh SELECT

The SQL statement used to retrieve data from tables.

INSERT

JAINSERT インサートVIINSERT (thêm dữ liệu)

The SQL statement that adds new rows to a table.

UPDATE

JAUPDATE アップデートVIUPDATE (cập nhật dữ liệu)

The SQL statement that modifies existing rows.

DELETE

JADELETE デリートVIDELETE (xoá dữ liệu)

The SQL statement that removes rows from a table.

CRUD

JACRUD クラッドVICRUD

Create, Read, Update, Delete: the four basic data operations.

join

JA結合 けつごうVIjoin (kết bảng)

Combining rows from multiple tables based on related columns.

inner join

JA内部結合 ないぶけつごうVIinner join

A join returning only rows that match in both tables.

outer join

JA外部結合 がいぶけつごうVIouter join

A join that keeps unmatched rows and fills missing values with NULL.

subquery

JAサブクエリVItruy vấn con (subquery)

A query nested inside another query.

WHERE clause

JAWHERE句 ウェアくVImệnh đề WHERE

The part of an SQL statement that filters rows by a condition.

GROUP BY

JAGROUP BY句 グループバイくVIGROUP BY

A clause grouping rows with equal values for aggregation.

aggregate function

JA集約関数 しゅうやくかんすうVIhàm tổng hợp

A function such as COUNT, SUM or AVG that computes one value from many rows.

view

JAビューVIview (khung nhìn)

A virtual table defined by a stored query.

stored procedure

JAストアドプロシージャVIstored procedure (thủ tục lưu trữ)

A set of SQL statements stored and executed within the database.

trigger

JAトリガーVItrigger

A procedure that runs automatically on INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE events.

transaction

JAトランザクションVIgiao dịch (transaction)

A group of operations executed entirely or not at all.

savepoint

JAセーブポイントVIsavepoint

A marker within a transaction allowing a partial rollback to that point.

rollback

JAロールバックVIrollback (huỷ giao dịch)

To undo a transaction's changes and restore the previous state.

ACID

JAACID特性 アシッドとくせいVIACID

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability: properties guaranteeing reliable transactions.

lock

JAロックVIkhoá (lock)

A mechanism preventing concurrent transactions from modifying the same data.

deadlock

JAデッドロックVIdeadlock (bế tắc)

A state where transactions wait indefinitely for each other's locks.

isolation level

JA分離レベル ぶんりレベルVImức cô lập

The degree to which a transaction is affected by concurrent ones.

normalization

JA正規化 せいきかVIchuẩn hoá

Designing tables to reduce redundancy and data anomalies.

denormalization

JA非正規化 ひせいきかVIphi chuẩn hoá

Deliberately adding redundancy to tables to speed up reads.

ER diagram

JAER図 イーアールずVIsơ đồ ER

Entity-Relationship diagram: a chart of entities and their relationships.

entity

JAエンティティVIthực thể

A thing whose data is managed, such as a customer or order.

one-to-many relationship

JA1対多 いちたいたVIquan hệ một-nhiều

A relationship where one row in a table relates to many rows in another.

schema

JAスキーマVIlược đồ (schema)

The definition of a database's structure: tables, columns, types and constraints.

DDL

JADDL ディーディーエルVIDDL

Data Definition Language: SQL commands defining structure, such as CREATE, ALTER, DROP.

DML

JADML ディーエムエルVIDML

Data Manipulation Language: SQL commands manipulating data, such as SELECT and INSERT.

migration

JAマイグレーションVImigration

A versioned change to a schema or a move of data to a new system.

restore

JAリストアVIkhôi phục (restore)

To return data from a backup to the system.

replication

JAレプリケーションVIsao chép (replication)

Continuously copying data to other servers for redundancy or load sharing.

sharding

JAシャーディングVIsharding (phân mảnh)

Splitting data horizontally across multiple servers for scalability.

partitioning

JAパーティショニングVIphân vùng (partition)

Dividing a large table into smaller parts by key for efficient management.

NoSQL

JANoSQL ノーエスキューエルVINoSQL

Databases not based on the relational table model, such as document or key-value stores.

key-value store

JAキーバリューストアVIkho key-value

A database storing data as key and value pairs.

document database

JAドキュメント指向データベース ドキュメントしこうデータベースVIcơ sở dữ liệu document

A NoSQL database storing data as documents such as JSON.

MySQL

JAMySQL マイエスキューエルVIMySQL

A popular open-source relational database management system.

PostgreSQL

JAPostgreSQL ポストグレスキューエルVIPostgreSQL

A powerful open-source relational database with many advanced features.

ORM

JAORM オーアールエムVIORM

Object-Relational Mapping: mapping database tables to objects in code.

connection pool

JAコネクションプールVIconnection pool

A set of reusable, pre-opened database connections.

cache

JAキャッシュVIbộ nhớ đệm (cache)

Temporary storage of frequently used data for faster access.

execution plan

JA実行計画 じっこうけいかくVIkế hoạch thực thi

The steps a DBMS chooses to run a query, used for performance tuning.

full table scan

JAフルスキャンVIquét toàn bảng (full scan)

Reading every row of a table when no index can be used.

performance tuning

JAチューニングVItối ưu hiệu năng (tuning)

Adjusting queries, indexes and settings to make a system faster.

master data

JAマスタデータVIdữ liệu master

Core, rarely changing reference data such as customer or product lists.

transaction data

JAトランザクションデータVIdữ liệu giao dịch

Data generated by each business event, such as orders or payments.

data migration

JAデータ移行 データいこうVIchuyển đổi dữ liệu

Moving data from an old system to a new one.

CSV

JACSV シーエスブイVICSV

Comma-Separated Values: a text format for tabular data with comma-separated fields.

JSON

JAJSON ジェイソンVIJSON

JavaScript Object Notation: a lightweight text format for structured data exchange.

data warehouse

JAデータウェアハウスVIkho dữ liệu (data warehouse)

A central store integrating data from many sources for analysis and reporting.

ETL

JAETL イーティーエルVIETL

Extract, Transform, Load: the process of moving data into a warehouse.

data lake

JAデータレイクVIdata lake (hồ dữ liệu)

A large repository storing raw data in any format.

big data

JAビッグデータVIdữ liệu lớn (big data)

Data sets so large and varied that traditional tools cannot process them.

data cleansing

JAデータクレンジングVIlàm sạch dữ liệu

Detecting and correcting wrong, duplicate or missing data.

data integrity

JAデータ整合性 データせいごうせいVItính toàn vẹn dữ liệu

The accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle.

DBA

JAデータベース管理者 データベースかんりしゃVIquản trị viên cơ sở dữ liệu (DBA)

Database Administrator: the person responsible for operating and maintaining databases.

BI

JABI ビーアイVIBI (trí tuệ kinh doanh)

Business Intelligence: tools and processes analyzing data to support decisions.

dashboard

JAダッシュボードVIdashboard

A screen showing key metrics together as charts.

website

JAウェブサイトVItrang web (website)

A set of linked web pages under one domain.

web page

JAウェブページVItrang web

A single document displayed in a browser, written in HTML.

browser

JAブラウザVItrình duyệt

Software used to access and display web pages.

URL

JAURL ユーアールエルVIURL (đường dẫn)

Uniform Resource Locator: an address identifying a resource on the Internet.

domain name

JAドメイン名 ドメインめいVItên miền

A human-readable name mapped to a server's IP address, such as example.com.

HTML

JAHTML エイチティーエムエルVIHTML

HyperText Markup Language: the markup language describing web page structure.

CSS

JACSS シーエスエスVICSS

Cascading Style Sheets: the language for styling web pages.

JavaScript

JAJavaScript ジャバスクリプトVIJavaScript

A programming language running in browsers to make web pages interactive.

frontend

JAフロントエンドVIfrontend

The user-facing part of an application, including interface and interaction.

backend

JAバックエンドVIbackend

The server-side part of an application handling logic and data.

full-stack

JAフルスタックVIfull-stack

Covering both frontend and backend development.

client

JAクライアントVImáy khách (client)

A computer or program that sends requests to a server.

web server

JAウェブサーバーVIweb server

A server such as Nginx or Apache that answers HTTP requests with web content.

HTTP

JAHTTP エイチティーティーピーVIHTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol: the protocol for data transfer between browsers and web servers.

HTTPS

JAHTTPS エイチティーティーピーエスVIHTTPS

HTTP Secure: HTTP encrypted with TLS.

request

JAリクエストVIrequest (yêu cầu)

A message a client sends to a server asking for a resource or action.

response

JAレスポンスVIresponse (phản hồi)

The message a server returns to a client after handling a request.

HTTP method

JAHTTPメソッド エイチティーティーピーメソッドVIphương thức HTTP

The action type of an HTTP request, such as GET, POST, PUT or DELETE.

status code

JAステータスコードVImã trạng thái

A three-digit number indicating a request's outcome, such as 200, 404 or 500.

REST API

JAREST API レストエーピーアイVIREST API

An API following REST, manipulating resources via URLs and HTTP methods.

endpoint

JAエンドポイントVIendpoint

A specific URL at which an API receives requests.

cookie

JAクッキーVIcookie

Small data a server stores in the browser to remember user state.

session

JAセッションVIphiên (session)

A user's state maintained across multiple requests.

authentication

JA認証 にんしょうVIxác thực

Verifying that a user is who they claim to be.

authorization

JA認可 にんかVIphân quyền

Determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do.

responsive design

JAレスポンシブデザインVIthiết kế responsive

Design that adapts the layout to different screen sizes.

UI

JAUI ユーアイVIUI (giao diện người dùng)

User Interface: the part of an application users see and operate.

UX

JAUX ユーエックスVIUX (trải nghiệm người dùng)

User Experience: the user's overall experience of using a product.

single-page application

JAシングルページアプリケーションVIứng dụng trang đơn (SPA)

A web app that loads one page and updates content dynamically without reloads.

Ajax

JAAjax エイジャックスVIAjax

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML: background requests that update part of a page.

DOM

JADOM ドムVIDOM

Document Object Model: a tree representation of an HTML page that scripts manipulate.

web application

JAウェブアプリケーションVIứng dụng web

Software that runs in a browser over the Internet.

hosting

JAホスティングVIhosting

A service renting server space to run websites.

cloud

JAクラウドVIđiện toán đám mây (cloud)

Using computing resources over the Internet on demand.

CDN

JACDN シーディーエヌVICDN

Content Delivery Network: distributed servers delivering content faster to users.

SEO

JASEO エスイーオーVISEO

Search Engine Optimization: improving a site's ranking in search engines.

network

JAネットワークVImạng

A set of connected devices that exchange data.

Internet

JAインターネットVIInternet

The global network of networks using the TCP/IP protocol suite.

LAN

JALAN ランVImạng LAN

Local Area Network: a network covering a small area such as an office.

WAN

JAWAN ワンVImạng WAN

Wide Area Network: a network connecting distant sites.

Wi-Fi

JAWi-Fi ワイファイVIWi-Fi

Wireless local networking based on IEEE 802.11.

protocol

JAプロトコルVIgiao thức

A set of rules governing how devices exchange data.

TCP/IP

JATCP/IP ティーシーピーアイピーVITCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: the foundational Internet protocol suite.

IP address

JAIPアドレス アイピーアドレスVIđịa chỉ IP

A numeric identifier assigned to each device on an IP network.

IPv4

JAIPv4 アイピーブイフォーVIIPv4

Internet Protocol version 4: the IP version using 32-bit addresses.

IPv6

JAIPv6 アイピーブイシックスVIIPv6

Internet Protocol version 6: the IP version using 128-bit addresses.

subnet mask

JAサブネットマスクVIsubnet mask

A value dividing an IP address into network and host parts.

default gateway

JAデフォルトゲートウェイVIdefault gateway

The device forwarding packets outside the local network when no specific route exists.

DNS

JADNS ディーエヌエスVIDNS

Domain Name System: the system translating domain names into IP addresses.

DHCP

JADHCP ディーエイチシーピーVIDHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

port number

JAポート番号 ポートばんごうVIsố cổng (port)

A number identifying a service on a host, such as 80 or 443.

packet

JAパケットVIgói tin

A small unit of data transmitted over a network.

router

JAルーターVIrouter (bộ định tuyến)

A device forwarding packets between different networks.

switch

JAスイッチVIswitch (bộ chuyển mạch)

A device connecting LAN hosts and forwarding data by MAC address.

MAC address

JAMACアドレス マックアドレスVIđịa chỉ MAC

Media Access Control address: a unique hardware identifier of a network interface.

bandwidth

JA帯域幅 たいいきはばVIbăng thông

The maximum data a network link can carry per unit of time.

latency

JAレイテンシVIđộ trễ (latency)

The time data takes to travel from source to destination.

OSI model

JAOSI参照モデル オーエスアイさんしょうモデルVImô hình OSI

Open Systems Interconnection: a seven-layer model of network communication.

proxy server

JAプロキシサーバーVIproxy

An intermediary server relaying requests between clients and servers.

NAT

JANAT ナットVINAT

Network Address Translation: converting between private and public IP addresses.

ping

JAping ピングVIping

A command testing reachability of a host by sending ICMP packets.

SSH

JASSH エスエスエイチVISSH

Secure Shell: an encrypted protocol for remote login and control.

FTP

JAFTP エフティーピーVIFTP

File Transfer Protocol: a protocol for transferring files over a network.

WebSocket

JAWebSocket ウェブソケットVIWebSocket

A protocol for persistent two-way communication between browser and server.

XML

JAXML エックスエムエルVIXML

Extensible Markup Language: a markup language for storing and exchanging structured data.

traffic

JAトラフィックVIlưu lượng (traffic)

The amount of data moving across a network or visits to a site.

timeout

JAタイムアウトVItimeout (hết thời gian chờ)

Aborting an operation when no response arrives within a set time.

hardware

JAハードウェアVIphần cứng

The physical components of a computer, such as boards, processors, memory and drives.

software

JAソフトウェアVIphần mềm

Programs and associated data that run on hardware to perform tasks.

CPU

JA中央処理装置 ちゅうおうしょりそうちVIbộ xử lý trung tâm (CPU)

Central Processing Unit, the component that executes instructions and controls the computer.

core

JAコアVIlõi (core)

An independent processing unit inside a CPU; multi-core CPUs run several threads in parallel.

GPU

JAGPU ジーピーユーVIcard đồ hoạ (GPU)

Graphics Processing Unit, a parallel processor for graphics, now widely used for AI workloads.

memory

JAメモリVIbộ nhớ (RAM)

Main memory that temporarily holds running programs and data, lost when power is off.

storage

JAストレージVIbộ lưu trữ

Devices that keep data persistently, such as HDDs, SSDs or networked storage systems.

SSD

JASSD エスエスディーVIổ SSD

Solid State Drive, a storage device using flash memory, faster than a mechanical disk.

HDD

JAハードディスクVIổ cứng (HDD)

Hard Disk Drive, a storage device using spinning magnetic platters, cheap per gigabyte.

motherboard

JAマザーボードVIbo mạch chủ (mainboard)

The main circuit board connecting the CPU, memory, drives and expansion devices.

peripheral device

JA周辺機器 しゅうへんききVIthiết bị ngoại vi

An external device attached to a computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, printer or monitor.

operating system

JAオペレーティングシステムVIhệ điều hành (OS)

System software that manages hardware and resources and provides an environment for applications.

kernel

JAカーネルVInhân (kernel)

The core of an operating system that manages processes, memory and devices.

process

JAプロセスVItiến trình (process)

A running program with its own memory space and resources allocated by the OS.

thread

JAスレッドVIluồng (thread)

The smallest unit of execution within a process; threads share the process memory.

file system

JAファイルシステムVIhệ thống tệp

The way an OS organizes, names and stores files on a storage device.

device driver

JAデバイスドライバVItrình điều khiển (driver)

Software that lets the operating system communicate with and control a hardware device.

virtual memory

JA仮想記憶 かそうきおくVIbộ nhớ ảo

A technique using disk space to provide an address space larger than physical RAM.

Linux

JALinux リナックスVILinux

An open-source Unix-like operating system, the most common OS on servers.

shell

JAシェルVIshell

A program that takes typed user commands and asks the operating system to execute them.

root privilege

JAroot権限 ルートけんげんVIquyền root (quyền quản trị)

The highest privilege on a Unix/Linux system, able to change any setting.

boot

JA起動 きどうVIkhởi động (boot)

The process of powering on and loading the operating system until the system is ready.

server

JAサーバーVImáy chủ (server)

A computer or program that provides services or data to other machines.

infrastructure

JAインフラVIhạ tầng (infra)

The servers, network, storage and platforms on which systems run.

data center

JAデータセンターVItrung tâm dữ liệu (data center)

A dedicated facility housing servers with redundant power, cooling and security.

on-premises

JAオンプレミスVIon-premise (tự vận hành tại chỗ)

A model where a company owns and operates its infrastructure on its own premises.

cloud computing

JAクラウドコンピューティングVIđiện toán đám mây (cloud)

Delivery of computing resources over the Internet on demand, billed by usage.

IaaS

JAIaaS イアースVIIaaS

Infrastructure as a Service, cloud delivery of virtual machines, networking and storage.

PaaS

JAPaaS パースVIPaaS

Platform as a Service, a platform for running applications without managing servers.

SaaS

JASaaS サースVISaaS

Software as a Service, complete software used over the Internet on a subscription.

public cloud

JAパブリッククラウドVIđám mây công cộng

Cloud run by a provider such as AWS or Azure and shared by many customers.

private cloud

JAプライベートクラウドVIđám mây riêng

Cloud infrastructure dedicated to a single organization.

hybrid cloud

JAハイブリッドクラウドVIđám mây lai (hybrid cloud)

A combination of on-premises or private cloud with public cloud.

region

JAリージョンVIvùng (region)

A geographic area where a cloud provider operates a cluster of data centers.

availability zone

JAアベイラビリティゾーンVIvùng sẵn sàng (AZ)

An isolated data center within a region, used for fault tolerance.

virtualization

JA仮想化 かそうかVIảo hoá

A technique that divides one physical machine into multiple virtual machines or logical resources.

virtual machine

JA仮想マシン かそうマシンVImáy ảo (VM)

A software-emulated computer running its own OS on a physical host.

hypervisor

JAハイパーバイザーVIhypervisor

Software that creates and manages virtual machines on a physical host.

container

JAコンテナVIcontainer

An isolated package of an application and its libraries sharing the host OS kernel.

Docker

JADocker ドッカーVIDocker

A popular platform for building, shipping and running containers.

Kubernetes

JAKubernetes クバネティスVIKubernetes (K8s)

An open-source system for orchestrating, deploying and scaling containers automatically.

serverless

JAサーバーレスVIserverless

An event-driven model where the provider fully manages servers and scaling.

scalability

JAスケーラビリティVIkhả năng mở rộng

The ability of a system to handle growing load by adding resources.

scale-out

JAスケールアウトVImở rộng ngang (scale out)

Increasing capacity by adding more servers that share the work.

scale-up

JAスケールアップVImở rộng dọc (scale up)

Increasing capacity by upgrading the CPU or memory of an existing server.

auto scaling

JAオートスケーリングVItự động co giãn (auto scaling)

Automatically adding or removing servers according to actual load.

redundancy

JA冗長化 じょうちょうかVIdự phòng (redundancy)

Duplicating components so the system keeps running if one part fails.

high availability

JA高可用性 こうかようせいVItính sẵn sàng cao (HA)

A design that keeps a system running continuously with minimal downtime.

failover

JAフェイルオーバーVIchuyển đổi dự phòng (failover)

Automatic switching to a standby system when the primary one fails.

single point of failure

JA単一障害点 たんいつしょうがいてんVIđiểm lỗi duy nhất (SPOF)

A component whose failure stops the entire system.

load balancer

JAロードバランサーVIbộ cân bằng tải (load balancer)

A device or service that distributes requests across multiple servers.

backup

JAバックアップVIsao lưu (backup)

Making copies of data so it can be restored after loss or damage.

disaster recovery

JAディザスタリカバリVIkhôi phục sau thảm hoạ (DR)

Plans and systems to restore services after a disaster or major outage.

RAID

JARAID レイドVIRAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks, combining disks for speed or fault tolerance.

monitoring

JA監視 かんしVIgiám sát (monitoring)

Continuously tracking system status and performance and alerting on anomalies.

log

JAログVIlog (nhật ký hệ thống)

A time-ordered record of events, errors and operations in a system.

system failure

JA障害 しょうがいVIsự cố (lỗi hệ thống)

A state in which a system stops or behaves abnormally.

downtime

JAダウンタイムVIthời gian ngừng (downtime)

The period during which a system is unavailable.

maintenance

JAメンテナンスVIbảo trì

Inspection, updates and repairs to keep a system running reliably.

system operation

JA運用 うんようVIvận hành hệ thống

The day-to-day work of keeping a system running after it goes live.

SLA

JASLA エスエルエーVIcam kết mức dịch vụ (SLA)

Service Level Agreement, a commitment on service quality such as availability.

uptime

JA稼働率 かどうりつVIthời gian hoạt động (uptime)

The proportion of time a system is operational, usually given as a percentage.

infrastructure as code

JAInfrastructure as Code インフラストラクチャー・アズ・コードVIhạ tầng dạng mã (IaC)

Defining and provisioning infrastructure through version-controlled configuration files.

DevOps

JADevOps デブオプスVIDevOps

A culture and practice uniting development and operations for fast, reliable releases.

provisioning

JAプロビジョニングVIcấp phát tài nguyên (provisioning)

Preparing and allocating servers, storage or accounts so they are ready for use.

edge computing

JAエッジコンピューティングVIđiện toán biên (edge computing)

Processing data near where it is generated instead of sending it all to a central site.

IoT

JAIoT アイオーティーVIInternet vạn vật (IoT)

Internet of Things, a network of Internet-connected devices and sensors exchanging data.

UPS

JA無停電電源装置 むていでんでんげんそうちVIbộ lưu điện (UPS)

Uninterruptible Power Supply, a device providing temporary power during outages.

information security

JA情報セキュリティ じょうほうセキュリティVIbảo mật thông tin (an toàn thông tin)

Protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.

confidentiality

JA機密性 きみつせいVItính bí mật

Ensuring information is accessible only to authorized people.

integrity

JA完全性 かんぜんせいVItính toàn vẹn

Ensuring information is accurate, complete and not altered without authorization.

availability

JA可用性 かようせいVItính sẵn sàng

Ensuring authorized users can access information when needed.

vulnerability

JA脆弱性 ぜいじゃくせいVIlỗ hổng bảo mật

A weakness in a system that can be exploited by an attacker.

threat

JA脅威 きょういVImối đe doạ

Anything that could harm information assets, such as attackers or malware.

risk

JAリスクVIrủi ro

The likelihood that a threat exploits a vulnerability, combined with the resulting impact.

access control

JAアクセス制御 アクセスせいぎょVIkiểm soát truy cập

Mechanisms restricting who can access which resources and how.

password

JAパスワードVImật khẩu

A secret string of characters used to authenticate a user.

multi-factor authentication

JA多要素認証 たようそにんしょうVIxác thực đa yếu tố (MFA)

Authentication combining two or more factors, such as a password, phone or fingerprint.

two-factor authentication

JA二要素認証 にようそにんしょうVIxác thực hai lớp (2FA)

A form of MFA using exactly two factors, typically a password and a one-time code.

one-time password

JAワンタイムパスワードVImật khẩu dùng một lần (OTP)

A password valid for only one login or a short period.

single sign-on

JAシングルサインオンVIđăng nhập một lần (SSO)

Logging in once to access multiple separate systems.

biometric authentication

JA生体認証 せいたいにんしょうVIxác thực sinh trắc học

Authentication using physical traits such as fingerprints, face or iris.

principle of least privilege

JA最小権限の原則 さいしょうけんげんのげんそくVInguyên tắc đặc quyền tối thiểu

Granting users or programs only the permissions their task requires.

encryption

JA暗号化 あんごうかVImã hoá

Transforming data into an unreadable form without the decryption key.

decryption

JA復号 ふくごうVIgiải mã

Converting encrypted data back to its original form using a key.

plaintext

JA平文 ひらぶんVIbản rõ

Data in readable form before encryption.

symmetric-key cryptography

JA共通鍵暗号方式 きょうつうかぎあんごうほうしきVImã hoá khoá đối xứng

A method using the same key for encryption and decryption, such as AES.

public-key cryptography

JA公開鍵暗号方式 こうかいかぎあんごうほうしきVImã hoá khoá công khai

A method using a public and private key pair, such as RSA.

private key

JA秘密鍵 ひみつかぎVIkhoá bí mật (private key)

A key kept only by its owner, used to decrypt or create digital signatures.

hash function

JAハッシュ関数 ハッシュかんすうVIhàm băm (hash)

A one-way function mapping data of any size to a fixed-length value.

salt

JAソルトVIsalt

Random data added to a password before hashing to defeat precomputed tables.

digital signature

JAデジタル署名 デジタルしょめいVIchữ ký số

Data created with a private key that proves the sender and message integrity.

digital certificate

JAデジタル証明書 デジタルしょうめいしょVIchứng thư số (certificate)

A file issued by a trusted authority binding a public key to its owner's identity.

certificate authority

JA認証局 にんしょうきょくVItổ chức cấp chứng thư (CA)

A trusted organization that issues and revokes digital certificates.

PKI

JA公開鍵基盤 こうかいかぎきばんVIhạ tầng khoá công khai (PKI)

Public Key Infrastructure, the system for managing keys and digital certificates.

malware

JAマルウェアVImã độc (malware)

Software designed to harm, steal from or disrupt systems.

computer virus

JAコンピュータウイルスVIvirus máy tính

Malware that spreads by attaching itself to other files or programs.

worm

JAワームVIsâu máy tính (worm)

Malware that replicates itself and spreads over networks without a host file.

trojan horse

JAトロイの木馬 トロイのもくばVItrojan

Malware disguised as useful software to trick users into installing it.

ransomware

JAランサムウェアVImã độc tống tiền (ransomware)

Malware that encrypts a victim's data and demands a ransom to restore it.

spyware

JAスパイウェアVIphần mềm gián điệp (spyware)

Software that secretly collects user information and sends it out.

backdoor

JAバックドアVIcửa hậu (backdoor)

A hidden way to access a system that bypasses normal authentication.

antivirus software

JAウイルス対策ソフト ウイルスたいさくソフトVIphần mềm diệt virus

Software that detects, blocks and removes malware.

phishing

JAフィッシングVIlừa đảo giả mạo (phishing)

Impersonating trusted emails or sites to steal passwords or personal data.

targeted attack email

JA標的型攻撃メール ひょうてきがたこうげきメールVIemail tấn công có chủ đích (spear phishing)

A phishing email crafted for a specific organization or person.

social engineering

JAソーシャルエンジニアリングVItấn công phi kỹ thuật (social engineering)

Manipulating human psychology to obtain information or access.

brute-force attack

JA総当たり攻撃 そうあたりこうげきVItấn công vét cạn (brute force)

Trying every possible password or key combination until one works.

password list attack

JAパスワードリスト攻撃 パスワードリストこうげきVItấn công dò mật khẩu bị lộ (credential stuffing)

Using account–password pairs leaked from other services to log in illegally.

DoS attack

JADoS攻撃 ドスこうげきVItấn công từ chối dịch vụ (DoS)

Denial of Service, overloading a system so legitimate users cannot access it.

DDoS attack

JADDoS攻撃 ディードスこうげきVItấn công DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service, a DoS attack launched from many machines at once.

SQL injection

JASQLインジェクション エスキューエルインジェクションVItấn công SQL injection

Injecting malicious SQL through input data to manipulate a database.

cross-site scripting

JAクロスサイトスクリプティングVItấn công XSS

Injecting malicious scripts into web pages to run in other users' browsers (XSS).

CSRF

JAクロスサイトリクエストフォージェリVItấn công CSRF

Cross-Site Request Forgery, tricking a logged-in browser into sending unwanted requests.

man-in-the-middle attack

JA中間者攻撃 ちゅうかんしゃこうげきVItấn công xen giữa (MITM)

An attacker intercepts communication between two parties to eavesdrop or alter data.

zero-day attack

JAゼロデイ攻撃 ゼロデイこうげきVItấn công zero-day

Exploiting a vulnerability that is undisclosed or has no patch yet.

unauthorized access

JA不正アクセス ふせいアクセスVItruy cập trái phép

Accessing a system or data without permission.

information leakage

JA情報漏えい じょうほうろうえいVIrò rỉ thông tin

Confidential information exposed through attacks, mistakes or insiders.

insider threat

JA内部不正 ないぶふせいVImối đe doạ nội bộ

Harm to information caused by employees or others with internal access.

firewall

JAファイアウォールVItường lửa (firewall)

A system filtering network traffic by rules to block unwanted access.

WAF

JAWAF ワフVItường lửa ứng dụng web (WAF)

Web Application Firewall, blocking attacks on web applications such as SQLi and XSS.

IDS

JA侵入検知システム しんにゅうけんちシステムVIhệ thống phát hiện xâm nhập (IDS)

Intrusion Detection System, monitoring and alerting on suspicious activity.

IPS

JA侵入防止システム しんにゅうぼうしシステムVIhệ thống ngăn chặn xâm nhập (IPS)

Intrusion Prevention System, detecting and automatically blocking attacks.

security patch

JAセキュリティパッチVIbản vá bảo mật

An update that fixes a security vulnerability in software.

vulnerability assessment

JA脆弱性診断 ぜいじゃくせいしんだんVIđánh giá lỗ hổng

Examining a system to find and rate security vulnerabilities.

penetration testing

JAペネトレーションテストVIkiểm thử xâm nhập (pentest)

Simulating real attacks to evaluate a system's defenses.

security incident

JAセキュリティインシデントVIsự cố bảo mật

An event that threatens or harms information security, such as a leak or infection.

CSIRT

JACSIRT シーサートVIđội ứng cứu sự cố (CSIRT)

Computer Security Incident Response Team, a team that handles security incidents.

SOC

JASOC ソックVItrung tâm điều hành an ninh (SOC)

Security Operations Center, a unit monitoring system security around the clock.

security policy

JAセキュリティポリシーVIchính sách bảo mật

A document setting an organization's rules and measures for protecting information.

ISMS

JA情報セキュリティマネジメントシステム じょうほうセキュリティマネジメントシステムVIhệ thống quản lý an toàn thông tin (ISMS)

Information Security Management System, a management framework per ISO/IEC 27001.

personal information

JA個人情報 こじんじょうほうVIthông tin cá nhân

Information that identifies a specific individual, such as name, address or phone number.

non-disclosure agreement

JA秘密保持契約 ひみつほじけいやくVIthoả thuận bảo mật (NDA)

A contract committing not to disclose confidential information received from a partner.

zero trust

JAゼロトラストVImô hình zero trust

A model that trusts no access by default and verifies every request.

audit log

JA監査ログ かんさログVInhật ký kiểm tra (audit log)

A record of who did what and when on a system, used for tracing.

tampering

JA改ざん かいざんVIgiả mạo, sửa đổi trái phép (tampering)

Unauthorized alteration of data or content.

spoofing

JAなりすましVIgiả mạo (spoofing)

Impersonating another user, device or address to deceive a system.

project manager

JAプロジェクトマネージャーVIquản lý dự án (PM)

The person responsible for planning, coordinating and delivering a project.

project leader

JAプロジェクトリーダーVItrưởng nhóm dự án (PL)

The person leading the development team on technical work and daily progress.

bridge system engineer

JAブリッジSE ブリッジエスイーVIkỹ sư cầu nối (BrSE)

An engineer bridging Japanese clients and the offshore development team.

comtor

JAコミュニケーターVIphiên dịch IT (comtor)

An interpreter specializing in Japanese communication for software projects.

offshore development

JAオフショア開発 オフショアかいはつVIphát triển offshore

Outsourcing software development to a team in another country, such as Vietnam.

lab-type contract

JAラボ型契約 ラボがたけいやくVIhợp đồng mô hình lab (ODC)

A contract reserving a dedicated team for a client over a set period.

fixed-price contract

JA請負契約 うけおいけいやくVIhợp đồng trọn gói

A contract to deliver a finished product for a fixed price and scope.

quasi-mandate contract

JA準委任契約 じゅんいにんけいやくVIhợp đồng dịch vụ theo công (SES)

A contract paid for work effort rather than for a guaranteed finished result.

man-month

JA人月 にんげつVIman-month (người-tháng)

A unit of effort equal to one person working for one month.

estimate

JA見積もり みつもりVIước lượng (estimate)

A forecast of the effort, cost and time needed for work or a project.

product backlog

JAプロダクトバックログVIproduct backlog

A prioritized list of work and features for the product.

product owner

JAプロダクトオーナーVIproduct owner (PO)

The person accountable for product value and backlog ordering.

Scrum Master

JAスクラムマスターVIScrum Master

The person helping the team apply Scrum effectively and removing impediments.

user story

JAユーザーストーリーVIuser story

A short description of a need from the user's perspective and its value.

daily stand-up

JAデイリースクラムVIhọp daily

A short daily meeting where the team shares progress and blockers.

retrospective

JA振り返り ふりかえりVIhọp nhìn lại (retro)

An end-of-cycle meeting to reflect and improve the way of working.

velocity

JAベロシティVIvelocity (tốc độ đội)

The amount of work, in points, a team completes per sprint.

kanban

JAカンバンVIkanban

A method of visualizing work on a column board and limiting work in progress.

milestone

JAマイルストーンVImốc quan trọng (milestone)

A key point in a project for checking achieved results.

WBS

JAWBS ダブリュービーエスVIcấu trúc phân rã công việc (WBS)

Work Breakdown Structure, decomposing a project into manageable work items.

Gantt chart

JAガントチャートVIbiểu đồ Gantt

A horizontal bar chart showing task schedules and durations.

schedule

JAスケジュールVIlịch trình (schedule)

The planned start and end dates of project tasks.

deadline

JA納期 のうきVIhạn chót (deadline)

The date by which a product or result must be delivered to the client.

deliverable

JA成果物 せいかぶつVIsản phẩm bàn giao

Documents, code or products to be handed over under a contract.

scope

JAスコープVIphạm vi (scope)

The total work and features a project commits to deliver.

change request

JA仕様変更 しようへんこうVIyêu cầu thay đổi (CR)

A request to modify requirements or specifications after agreement.

progress report

JA進捗報告 しんちょくほうこくVIbáo cáo tiến độ

A periodic report on progress compared with the plan.

risk management

JAリスク管理 リスクかんりVIquản lý rủi ro

Identifying, assessing and handling risks that could affect a project.

Q&A sheet

JAQA表 キューエーひょうVIbảng hỏi đáp (Q&A)

A sheet tracking questions to the client about specifications and their answers.

acceptance testing

JA受入テスト うけいれテストVIkiểm thử nghiệm thu (UAT)

Testing by the client to confirm the system meets requirements before acceptance.

go-live

JA本番稼働 ほんばんかどうVIvận hành chính thức (go-live)

The moment a system starts running in production for real users.

root cause analysis

JA原因分析 げんいんぶんせきVIphân tích nguyên nhân gốc

Finding the underlying cause of a defect or incident to prevent recurrence.

countermeasure

JA対策 たいさくVIbiện pháp đối phó

Corrective and preventive actions taken after identifying a problem's cause.

hou-ren-sou

JA報連相 ほうれんそうVIbáo cáo – liên lạc – thảo luận (Hō-Ren-Sō)

A Japanese work principle of timely reporting, informing and consulting.

kickoff meeting

JAキックオフミーティングVIhọp khởi động (kickoff)

An opening meeting to align on project goals, scope and roles.

minutes

JA議事録 ぎじろくVIbiên bản họp

A written record of a meeting's discussion and decisions.

artificial intelligence

JA人工知能 じんこうちのうVItrí tuệ nhân tạo (AI)

The field of building computer systems that perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence.

machine learning

JA機械学習 きかいがくしゅうVIhọc máy (machine learning)

Methods letting computers learn patterns from data rather than being explicitly programmed.

deep learning

JA深層学習 しんそうがくしゅうVIhọc sâu (deep learning)

A branch of machine learning using multi-layer neural networks to learn complex features.

neural network

JAニューラルネットワークVImạng nơ-ron

A computational model of layered, connected nodes inspired by the brain.

supervised learning

JA教師あり学習 きょうしありがくしゅうVIhọc có giám sát

Learning from data labeled with correct answers.

unsupervised learning

JA教師なし学習 きょうしなしがくしゅうVIhọc không giám sát

Learning structure from unlabeled data, such as clustering.

reinforcement learning

JA強化学習 きょうかがくしゅうVIhọc tăng cường

An agent learns optimal actions through trial, error and rewards.

training data

JA学習データ がくしゅうデータVIdữ liệu huấn luyện

Data used to train a machine learning model.

annotation

JAアノテーションVIgán nhãn dữ liệu (annotation)

Adding labels or notes to data so it can be used for training.

model

JAモデルVImô hình (model)

The trained artifact that takes input and produces predictions or generated content.

inference

JA推論 すいろんVIsuy luận (inference)

Using a trained model to process new data.

overfitting

JA過学習 かがくしゅうVIquá khớp (overfitting)

A model fits training data too closely and performs poorly on new data.

accuracy

JA正解率 せいかいりつVIđộ chính xác (accuracy)

The proportion of correct predictions among all samples.

generative AI

JA生成AI せいせいエーアイVIAI tạo sinh

AI that creates new content such as text, images or code.

large language model

JA大規模言語モデル だいきぼげんごモデルVImô hình ngôn ngữ lớn (LLM)

A deep learning model trained on vast text to understand and generate language.

prompt

JAプロンプトVIprompt (câu lệnh cho AI)

The instruction or question a user gives to an AI model.

hallucination

JAハルシネーションVIảo giác AI (hallucination)

When AI produces false information presented as fact.

fine-tuning

JAファインチューニングVItinh chỉnh (fine-tuning)

Further training a pre-trained model on specific data for a particular task.

RAG

JARAG ラグVIRAG

Retrieval-Augmented Generation, combining document retrieval with an LLM for more grounded answers.

natural language processing

JA自然言語処理 しぜんげんごしょりVIxử lý ngôn ngữ tự nhiên (NLP)

The field enabling computers to understand and process human language.

computer vision

JA画像認識 がぞうにんしきVIthị giác máy tính

The field enabling computers to recognize and analyze images and video.

AI agent

JAAIエージェント エーアイエージェントVIAI agent (tác tử AI)

An AI system that plans and uses tools autonomously to complete tasks.

token

JAトークンVItoken

A small unit of text processed by a language model, used for limits and pricing.

story point

JAストーリーポイントVIstory point

A relative unit estimating the size and difficulty of a user story.

burndown chart

JAバーンダウンチャートVIbiểu đồ burndown

A chart showing remaining work over time during a sprint.

outsourcing

JAアウトソーシングVIgia công phần mềm (outsource)

Contracting an external company to perform some or all development work.